Yesterday's 24 year jail sentence for former Enron CEO Jeff Skilling reminded me of a question that popped into my mind four years ago: Was Harvard University an unindicted co-conspirator in Enron's rise and fall?
I first noticed all of Enron's Harvard connections back in June 2002 while Enron was still winding down. It was then that Enron announced the resignation of Herbert S. Winokur Jr., chairman and chief executive of Capricorn Holdings Inc. of Greenwich, Connecticut, from Enron's board on which he had served since 1985. Winokur's resignation drew my attention to the many ties between Harvard and Enron.
Enron's collapse was also the inspiration for my book, Value Leadership, which highlighted eight Value Leaders, including The Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (NYSE: GS), Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV), and Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ), which earn superior returns for shareholders -- growing revenues 35% faster, earning 109% higher profit margins and increasing shareholder value at five times the rate of their peers between June 1992 and June 2002 -- by following seven principles that are the antithesis of those that Skilling used to manage Enron.
How did Harvard help Enron?
Let me count the ways:
- Winokur. Winokur who chaired the finance committee of Enron's board announced his resignation from the Harvard Corporation board on which he served in April 2002 but remains a member of the board of Harvard Management Company which manages Harvard's $29 billion endowment. Winokur was among the directors who voted to suspend Enron's conflict of interest rules in June 1999, allowing Andrew S. Fastow, Enron's chief financial officer, to set up the off-balance-sheet partnerships the exposure of which contributed to Enron's demise. Winokur earned an undergraduate and doctoral degree from Harvard;
- HBS. Skilling is a graduate of Harvard Business School (HBS). During a 1978 class at the business school, Skilling was asked what he would do if he ran a company that manufactured a product that may be, but wasn't definitively, harmful - even potentially fatal - to the consumer. Skilling's notion: "I'd keep making and selling the product. My job as a businessman is to be a profit center and to maximize return to the shareholders. It's the government's job to step in if a product is dangerous." In addition, five HBS case studies have touted the Enron model as innovative and worthy of replication. Glowing studies of Enron were produced by HBS as recently as August of 2001, just before Enron imploded. And since then Harvard's case writers have been working overtime to demonize Enron in roughly 37 articles and cases;
- McKinsey. Prior to working at Enron, Skilling worked at consulting giant, McKinsey & Co. where his boss, D. Ronald Daniel was a partner. Skilling worked for Daniel during the 1980s when McKinsey helped Enron to design its unsustainable business model. Daniel retired in 2004 as Harvard's treasurer and he chaired Harvard Management. In addition, Richard Foster, a McKinsey director, attended board meetings at which Enron's debt-concealing special purpose entities were discussed;
- Belfer. June 2002 also marked the resignation from Enron's board of Robert A. Belfer, who holds a Harvard JD. Belfer, whose family reportedly lost $2 billion by holding on to its plummeting Enron shares. Belfer had been an Enron director since the mid-1980s. A company he started in 1992, Belco Oil & Gas Corp., had multimillion-dollar hedging agreements with an Enron subsidiary. Belfer also donated $7.5 million to Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, leading to the creation of The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (BCSIA) which is "the hub of research, teaching, and training in international security affairs, environmental and resource issues, science and technology policy, and conflict studies at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government." The Belfer Center had allegedly done consulting work for Enron. And Winokur still serves on its International Council; and
- Highfields. In an April 2001 conference call, Richard Grubman, managing director of Highfields Capital Management, prompted an obscenity-laced screed from Skilling when Grubman questioned Enron's lack of balance sheet disclosure. Highfields then managed $4.8 billion in total assets. Harvard's endowment first invested $500 million with start-up Highfields in 1998 and has since invested more. It is estimated that Highfields earned at least a $50 million profit from selling short nearly 3 million Enron shares prior to its collapse. This made me wonder whether Winokur tipped off Highfields so Harvard's endowment could profit from Enron's demise.
Beyond the self-innoculating case studies, I believe that Harvard should do something to prevent future Enrons. Since so many business and government leaders attend Harvard on their rise to the top, Harvard should examine whether it could be doing more to screen its students for their ethical values and reinforce those values so that its name is not dragged through mud again by its connections to shady ethics at the top.
Peter Cohan is President of Peter S. Cohan & Associates, a management consulting and venture capital firm, and a Professor of Management at Babson College. He has no financial interest in Goldman Sachs, Johnson & Johnson or Southwest.











Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
10-24-2006 @ 12:06PM
Gary E. Sattler said...
Check out their alumni list. Get back to me if it doesn't scare you.
10-24-2006 @ 1:21PM
Gary E. Sattler said...
Better yet, cross reference that alumni list with the membership list of the Progessive Democratic Caucus.(ie: North American Communist Party)
THEN get back to me if you're not scared!