FDIC closes IndyMac: Second biggest bank failure in history


Bloomberg News reports that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) closed down IndyMac Bancorp (NYSE: IMB), a $32 billion (Q1 2008 assets) mortgage lender. Is this just the beginning of a string of such failures?

Having spent a summer 26 years ago working with the FDIC, I fear that that will be the case. What we worked on back then was a system to help the FDIC handle the assets that it acquired when it took over a failed bank. The FDIC's role is to sell those assets and get as much money as possible as quickly as it can so that it can pay people to whom the failed bank owes money.

Bloomberg reported that IndyMac failed due to a run by depositors who left the California mortgage lender with insufficient cash. Fortunately for depositors, customers will have access to funds this weekend via ATMs. IndyMac trails only the former Continental Illinois -- which was the biggest financial institution to close -- back in 1984.

A great book about the failure of its business partner, Penn Square Bank, Belly Up, reveals the important role of syndication -- originating a loan and then selling it to someone else -- in the failure of financial institutions.


Specifically, according to the FDIC, Continental Illinois grew its business loans 180% between 1976 and 1981. It grew fast without regard to risk. In so doing, it took a big portion of risky oil and gas loans originated by Oklahoma-based Penn Square -- that was heavily exposed to the energy sector when it imploded in 1982. Continental Illinois' $1 billion exposure to bad Penn Square loans caused investors to lose confidence -- taking Continental Illinois down with it.

But that was 24 years ago. And today the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) -- which should have prevented IndyMac from its reckless growth -- blames New York Senator Charles Schumer for the failure. Last month Schumer highlighted IndyMac's lax lending standards and purchases of brokered deposits as the causes of its poor financial condition. According to Bloomberg, in the 11 business days after Schumer explained his concerns in a June 26 letter, depositors withdrew more than $1.3 billion. It seems to me the OTS is trying to shift blame from its own lax supervision onto Schumer.

IndyMac fired half of its employees Monday and sold most of its retail mortgage branches to another company. Its stock has fallen from $56 on May 11, 2006 to 28 cents at today's close.

The lesson is that in finance, rapid growth, without regard to risk, often leads to even more rapid collapse.

Update. The Wall Street Journal [subscription required] estimates that the FDIC used between $4 billion and $8 billion of its $53 billion deposit-insurance fund for the IndyMac bailout. FDIC insurance rates are likely to rise in order to replenish that fund for future bailouts.

Peter Cohan is President of Peter S. Cohan & Associates. He also teaches management at Babson College and edits The Cohan Letter. He has no financial interest in IndyMac securities.

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