We're back to the 1970s. The Washington Post reports that the Fed's Beige Book suggests that growth is stagnant and prices are rising. That's an economic condition known as stagflation -- slow growth and high prices. That's bad news for policymakers and investors.

I first posted about Stagflation back in May 2006. What is striking to me is that the price of oil was $69 a barrel back then and it's almost double that now. Back then I noted that stagflation "prevailed in the US during the 1970s. For example, in 1979, US core inflation, excluding oil and food, rose at a 9.4% annual rate, GDP grew at roughly 3%, and unemployment averaged 6%. Furthermore, this condition was bad for stocks which rose an anemic 0.37% annual average during the decade." I also wrote about stagflation here and here.

Here are three key findings from the Beige Book:

• Weak retail spending - The Post reported that consumer spending was weak, despite the economic stimulus checks from the government that went out starting in May. There was some demand for electronics, and discount stores got a temporary boost. But discretionary spending froze on housing-related items and vacations.

The battle over what the Fed should do with interest rates is hardly over. According to Bloomberg, "The Federal Reserve shouldn't wait for housing and financial markets to stabilize before it begins raising interest rates, central bank policy maker Gary Stern said."

In other words, forget the recession. Inflation is the real enemy.

Mr. Stern would like to kill the consumer in the process of trying to save him. The Fed may move up interest rates, but, because the cost of food and oil are global problems, there is little reason to believe that the agency can do much to have an impact on issues that have most of their origin beyond U.S. borders.

Recession is another matter. A large drop in interest rates could help the consumer with a multitude of debts from his mortgage to his credit cards.

Raising rates is move that is 180 degrees in the wrong direction.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com.

Wall Street analysts have said that Freddie Mac (NYSE: FRE) would not be able to get by without raising money. Its losses from the current mortgage crisis have simply been too great. At one point it looked like the Fed would open its doors to provide the company loans and Treasury would buy stock in the company.

According to The Wall Street Journal, Freddie "is considering raising capital by selling as much as $10 billion in new shares to investors."

After a sharp sell-off in its stock, Freddie has watched its shares move up over 50% in two days because investors believed the government help would keep the firm from becoming insolvent. Now that the value of the stock is somewhat higher, it may turn out to be a good time to get some cash in the barn.

But, the company's shareholders are likely to take a brutal beating. Freddie's market cap is only $6 billion, so the dilution of bringing in $10 billion would be stupendous. The move could certainly push the stock down to the $4 level over time, unless the company can post results well above what analysts expect and push the current share price way up.

Of course, the shareholders are not to blame, but they will be left holding the bag. Freddie management bet that it could get better returns on its portfolio by getting into risky investments and were burned like most banks and brokerage houses.

No matter how poor their judgment was, management will probably keep their jobs. Maybe they will even get a fat bonus for raising the new capital.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com.

Oil plunged more than $8 to about $136 Tuesday at mid-day after Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke's indicated the risks to U.S. growth have increased as a result of credit market losses, Bloomberg News reported Tuesday.

Oil fell $9.26 to $135.92 per barrel before recovery slightly. Oil hit a record of $147.27 per barrel on July 11.

The other major energy commodities, likewise, plummeted on the news. Heating oil plunged almost 15 cents to $3.91 per gallon, unleaded gasoline sank almost 17 cents to $3.39 per gallon, and natural gas plunged 44 cents to $11.51 per million BTUs.

"Oil in free-fall"

Energy trader Jim Dietz said "a mini selling frenzy" hit the oil market after Bernanke indicated the U.S. economy was likely to slow further.

"We did have some support for an oil-long trade earlier as an investment when few other investments are working, but that sentiment was quickly wiped out by Bernanke's comments," Dietz said. "We had oil in free-fall for about an hour. The market put 'two and two together.' We had the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bailout news yesterday [Monday] and Bernanke's bearish comments today. That led a lot of people to conclude we're going to see a slowdown in oil demand growth, which means lower prices."

The dollar fell to a record low against the euro Tuesday morning as traders calculated that U.S. credit market losses will further hurt U.S. economic growth.

The dollar weakened about 1.25 cents to $1.6048 versus the euro before regaining some ground to $1.5995. The dollar also fell one cent versus the British pound to $2.0057 and 1.85 yen to 104.20 versus Japan's yen.

Currency trader Andrew Resnick told BloggingStocks Tuesday the equation is a basic one: with more dollars in supply, each dollar is worth less.

"The Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac assistance packages will require more federal spending or federal support though guarantees. That action, plus FDIC takeover of problem banks means more federal outlays, which weakens the value of the dollar," Resnick said. "We've been in a period of increasing federal outlays for the past five years, although I don't think anyone in 2003 anticipated that federal spending would increase to this degree."

So far, billionaire investor George Soros says he doesn't see a light at the end of the tunnel; at least not yet.

Soros told Reuters Monday the crisis over Fannie Mae (NYSE: FNM) and Freddie Mac (NYSE: FRE) will not be the last, and that the wider credit crunch will continue to effect the already anemic-growth (or worse) U.S. economy.

On Monday, the U.S. Treasury announced a plan to shore-up Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, including authorization to buy unlimited stakes in and lend to the companies, aimed at stemming a collapse in confidence, Bloomberg News reported Monday. Soros said the U.S. Treasury's plan, and if need be, the resources of the U.S. Federal Reserve, will keep Fannie and Freddie functioning, but that does not blot-out the main negative: the drag effect of home foreclosures on the U.S. economy, Reuters reported.

'Most serious financial crisis of our lifetime'

Calling the year-long global financial market turmoil "the most serious financial crisis of our lifetime," Soros said the negative impact of foreclosures and the credit crisis is likely to increase, creating a deeper U.S. recession.

Economist Peter Dawson told BloggingStocks that "while Soros provided a candid description of current events, no doubt derived from considerable research, he may have been a little too stark . . . seeing too much of one side of the asset / liability ledger."

Market absolutists' complaints notwithstanding, the U.S. Treasury's plan to shore-up Fannie Mae (NYSE: FNM) and Freddie Mac (NYSE: FRE) will stabilize the bond and credit markets, but it's unlikely to sidetrack a mortgage system revision by the U.S. Congress, in one economist's interpretation.

"[U.S. Treasury Secretary Paulson has acted, now is the time for [U.S. Rep.] Barney Frank to react," economist David H. Wang told BloggingStocks Monday.

At issue: who pays for mortgage risk?

At issue is what constitutes acceptable mortgage risk by banks and mortgage lenders whose loans or asset-backed securities are insured by the U.S. Government or government service enterprises, Wang said.

"The way the system was configured, if banks and mortgage lenders made high-risk loans and won, they collected huge profits. If they made high-risk loans and lost, the government, or the taxpayer, bore the cost," Wang said. "This system is untenable."

What's one likely revision? Wang said he believes a "two-tier mortgage system will emerge." The first group will include loans/mortgages offered by banks "for specialized clients/situations." This batch of mortgages and assets tied to them would not be backed by the government or by GSE insurance, he said.

There are no good solutions to fixing the troubles at Fannie Mae (NYSE: FNM) and Freddie Mac (NYSE: FRE). The markets are deeply concerned that the two companies are insolvent. If one or both fail, banks and brokerages that hold huge amounts of paper from the firms could face tens of billions of dollars in write-offs.

There has been "on again, off again" speculation that the U.S. Treasury or Fed would step in to give FNM and FRE financial support. Apparently the plans to do that have accelerated.

According to The Times, the U.S. Treasury would put up $15 billion for the companies. The investments would probably be made in terms of preferred stock. According to the paper, "The capital-injection plan is said to be high on a list of options being considered by regulators as a means of restoring confidence in the lenders."

Because the current combined market caps of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae is only $16 billion, shareholders in the firms would face tremendous dilution. But, facing another crisis in the financial markets, what choice does the government have?

The answer is "none."

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com.

The dollar was on-pace to record another weekly decline Friday - - undoing the gains against the euro and pound earlier this summer- - as traders and analysts debated the likely next step for the U.S. Congress and/or the U.S. Federal Reserve on the heels of possible additional massive, mortgage-asset-related write-downs by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

The dollar traded at about $1.5888 to the euro Friday at mid-day, down about 1 cent, and also within about 1 cent of an all-time low versus the euro. The dollar also traded at $1.9878 to the British pound, also down about 1 cent, and off about 1 yen to 106.09 versus Japan's yen.

Currency trader Andrew Resnick said that given the dollar's decade-long slide versus the world's other major currencies, it's difficult to fathom further dollar declines, but that's what the economic fundamentals suggest.

"From one perspective, you have to ask, at what point do central bankers say the dollar's slide poses serious risks of commodity prices rises and inflation, with negative consequences for global growth?" Resnick. "On the scale of competing demands, you can make a strong argument that the dollar can not be permitted to slide much further."

However, Fannie Mae (NYSE: FNM) and Freddie Mac (NYSE: FRE), which face additional losses, Bloomberg News reported Friday, could come under full control, also called conservatorship, of government regulators, or receive bridge loans from the U.S. Congress or the Fed, Resnick said, absent a private equity investment. In any event, if Fannie's and Freddie's additional losses hit key levels, "we're looking at another enormous government obligation, and that's not good news for the dollar," Resnick said. "It means more dollars in circulation, which combined with the weak U.S. economy, will drive the dollar lower."

Resnick added that he presently is short with the dollar in the euro / dollar, British pound / dollar, and yen / dollar currency pairings.

The Bank of England Thursday kept its key, short-term interest rate the same, at 5%, the bank announced. Economists surveyed by Bloomberg News had expected the BOE to maintain current interest rate levels.

In its previous meeting, the BOE kept its benchmark interest the same, as well. The BOE's last rate cut occurred on 10 April 2008, when it lowered its key rate by 25 basis points to 5.0%.

In contrast, the U.S. Federal Reserve has lowered its key, short-term interest rate by 325 basis points, to 2% from 5.25%, as it attempts to jump-start a U.S. economy dragged down by its worst housing slump in a generation. At its most recent meeting, the Fed took a pause in its rate cut cycle, with Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke recently signaling his concern about rising inflation and the decline in the U.S. dollar.

Meanwhile, the European Central Bank has shifted from an accommodative to a restrictive monetary policy: last week the ECB increased its key rate, the refinance rate, by a quarter point, to 4.25%.

BOE's decision: no surprise

London-based economist Mark Chandler told BloggingStocks Thursday he wasn't surprised by the BOE's stand-pat decision. "There is concern about rising inflation here in the U.K., but the signs of economic slowdown are all around us, also, not the least of which being declining housing prices," Chandler said. "Housing prices in June dropped the most in that month in about 15 years. The U.K. also isn't affected as much by high oil prices as the U.S. and [continental] Europe are, so that gives the Bank of England some leeway. And if GDP continues to slow, the bias will be toward lowering rates, not raising them."

The U.S. Federal Reserve will issue new rules next week aimed at protecting future homebuyers from questionable lending practices.

Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke provided a preview of the Fed's new rules during a speech Tuesday at the FDIC Forum on Mortgage Lending for Low/Moderate Income Households in Arlington, Va. Under the Fed's authorities, the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act, the rules -- which will apply to all lenders, not just banks -- are expected to, among other reforms:

• Restrict lenders from penalizing high-risk borrowers who pay off loans early.
• Bar lenders from making loans without proof of a borrower's income.
• Require lenders to make sure that borrowers set aside money to pay for taxes and insurance.

'Front end' / 'back end' ratios deemed key

Economist Peter Dawson told BloggingStocks he's taking "a wait-and-see approach" regarding the Fed's mortgage regulation revisions. "This set of revised regulations could be, arguably, the most important federal regulation change, in financial terms, since the last plan to maintain the solvency of the Social Security trust fund," Dawson said.

Macroeconomics, many economists agree, is as much an art as a science. And sometimes it requires the 'reading between the lines' skills of a Kremlinologist during the Cold War.

Here's my reading between the lines analysis of recent Fed statements on housing: more housing-related write-offs (and pain) for certain banks and others with mortgage-backed debt.

Yellen, Bernanke speeches: Signals?

The evidence: first, San Francisco Federal Reserve President Janet Yellen, currently a non-voting member on the Fed's Open Market Committee, delivers a low-key, candid-but-not-alarmist speech Monday to the San Diego Economics Roundtable in which she warns that "things could get worse before they get better" and that problems affecting the financial system could stick around "for some time."

Economist David Wang said Yellen's speech could be interpreted "as her staking out a claim on the dovish [interest rate cut] end of the Fed" were it not for the fact that the measured, always dispassionate Yellen "is not known for politicking or embellished commentary."

U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said Tuesday the world's most powerful central bank may extend securities dealers' access to direct loans from the Fed into 2009 as long as emergency conditions "continue to prevail."

Bernanke, speaking Tuesday in Arlington, Virginia, at the FDIC Forum on Mortgage Lending for Low/Moderate Income Households, said "the Federal Reserve is strongly committed" to financial stability and is "considering several options, including extending the duration of our facilities for primary dealers beyond year-end."

Further, Bernanke also said the Fed would "take a leading role" in any liquidation process for a failing investment bank.

The Fed, and other U.S. Government institutions, as well as other major central banks, are in the midst of dealing with the aftereffects of the end of the housing boom in the U.S., which led to a surge in mortgage foreclosures and related asset-back defaults.

The European Central Bank's quarter point interest rate increase has been called 'counter-productive,' 'unnecessary,' even 'self-defeating.'

All of which begs the question, why did the ECB last Thursday increase interest rates so soon? (The ECB increased its key interest rate, the refinance rate, a quarter point to 4.25%, last Thursday.)

One argument is euro zone inflation, presently running at about a 3.7% annualized rate. That's well above the ECB's 2% inflation limit.

OPEC President Chakib Khelil Monday blamed the U.S. Federal Reserve for sky-high oil prices, The Associated Press reported, adding that surging prices are not likely to decline.

Khelil said he believes the declining dollar has pushed oil higher and that the Fed's interest rate reductions to boost the U.S. economy are the primary reason for the dollar's decline, the AP reported Monday.

In an effort to jump-start the U.S. economy slowed by the nation's worst housing slump in a generation, the Fed has cut short-term interest rates by 325 basis points to 2% since September 2007.

Khelil's comments did not push oil higher as of early Monday afternoon. Oil traders looked past those comments and focused on the dollar's rise for the day versus the euro and pound, and new data points suggesting a deeper, longer U.S. recession, energy trader Jim Dietz told BloggingStocks Monday. Oil fell $3.70 to $141.59 per barrel, with futures hitting a daily low of $140.15 earlier in the day.

Oil traders adopt 'defensive' stance

"Right now the oil market is focused on the U.S. economy not OPEC's comments, and many were spooked by the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae announcement. Everything is in pullback mode now, oil, stocks, gold, other commodities. The mood is defensive...preserve capital, basically," Dietz said.

Fannie Mae (NYSE: FNM) and Freddie Mac (NYSE: FRE) may have to raise up to $46 billion and $29 billion in capital, according to Lehman Brothers (NYSE: LEH), Bloomberg News reported Monday. Fannie Mae fell $3.17 to $15.61 while Freddie Mac declined $2.51 to $11.99 in Monday afternoon trading.