Those with aspirations of unfettered wealth look for clues everywhere. From top schools to unique talents, they build profiles of what it takes to become absurdly wealthy ... as though the process can be blueprinted. Well, if you're looking for answers, the Forbes 400 list is a great place to start. If anyone has mastered the art of making money, it's this collection of billionaires. They have the answers, and you are ready to learn.

A look at the lives of the Forbes 400 implies that the most important attribute is the ability to sift through ambiguity. Contradictions abound, meaning that shades of gray hold the answer to your burning desire for riches. Should you go to a great school? Well, yes ... but only if you're going for an MBA and plan to work for a major financial firm. But, you can still go to an Ivy League school if you're not studying finance but join Skull and Bones. Of course, dropping out of Harvard can be a great way to launch a career in the technology field.

It's tricky. There are no easy answers. But, the road to billions is littered with the corpses of aspiring magnates who thought it wouldn't be difficult. So, don't just read the seven attributes after the jump. Understand them. Read them twice. Then, your future financial situation will be assured.

Or, you can just do one of those chain e-mails and wish for wealth.

[Thanks, Forbes and MSNBC]

Once upon a time, a law degree from the likes of Harvard meant not only that the job offers would come but that they would be substantial. A big check from a prestigious firm, of course, is a great way to start a career, as that name stays on your resume for the rest of your life. A decline in demand for legal services, however, has left the major law firms rethinking their campus hiring volume. As a result, even students from the top law schools are likely to have trouble landing their dream 90-hour-a-week jobs.

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, the top law firm in the United States by revenue, forecasted a 50% drop in summer hiring for next year, recruiting partner Howard Ellin told Bloomberg News. In 2009, Skadden brought in 225 students for the summer. Next year, only half that amount is expected.

Is it 2009-2010 or 1972-1973? If you're paying college tuition this year, it may be hard to tell. Tuition is up only 4.3% for the coming school year, the lowest rate of growth in 37 years, according to a survey of 350 private schools by the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities. This is down substantially from the 5.9% increase for the 2008-2009 school year. Of course, this is for tuition only and does not include room and board inflation.

Before celebrating, though, remember that depressed housing prices and constrained financial markets make it tougher to dip into home equity to pay for school (a favorite strategy of the past few years), and layoffs are putting an obvious strain on household finances. So, the bargain in all this may be hard to find, even with financial aid increases of 9.2%.

With its value plunging along with the rest of the market, Harvard's endowment is laying off a full 25% of its staff -- 50 people.

Harvard's endowment has an unusually large staff because, unlike most colleges, it manages a significant portion of its money in-house. At most colleges, the endowment managers main task is to select outside managers for the funds.

Harvard's endowment managers have come under some fire lately for the seven-figure pay packages they often receive. According to The Wall Street Journal (subscription required), "For the most-recent academic year, HMC paid its top six managers $26.8 million."

By laying off a quarter of its staff to reflect a decline of around 25% -- probably a bit more -- in the endowment's value. Harvard is preventing its costs from growing to a higher percentage of its asset value. Lower bonuses for fund managers will also help the endowment control its costs.

Harvard's business school (HBS) has been celebrating its 100th anniversary this year. And it looks to be at the peak of its power. That's unfortunate because five of its most powerful graduates have made significant contributions to absolutely wrecking the global economy. HBS admits people who are natural leaders. Unfortunately, many of the most powerful of these leaders have followed the path of destruction.

Here are five Harvard MBAs who wrecked the economy:

• George W. Bush ('75). The best thing I can say about Bush is that he said he was sorry for all the problems that occurred while he was in the White House. Unfortunately, he seems to believe he was a victim of events outside his control. One of his HBS professors said of Bush "He showed pathological lying habits and was in denial when challenged on his prejudices and biases. He would even deny saying something he just said 30 seconds ago."
• Hank Paulson ('70). As Treasury Secretary Paulson has consistently ignored the severity of the financial crisis -- In June 2006 he gave a speech at HBS in which he said, "this is by far the best global economy that I have seen in my career" -- but this September he was able to sell Congress on an ineffective plan to fix what he finally realized was an imploding economy -- a plan has kept changing. The economy has continued to crash despite his bone-headed efforts to save it.

Harvard reports that the value of its endowment has declined $8 billion between the end of June 2008 through October 2008. That would make Harvard's endowment worth 22% less than at the end of June, or $26.9 billion -- but it probably has further to fall thanks to illiquid assets like private equity interests. Meanwhile, Harvard and its peers could be in trouble because fewer people will be able to afford college given the market crash. That will mean college administrators are facing some tough choices.

Harvard is responding to the decline in its endowment by taking a "hard look" at staffing levels and compensation. It is forecasting a 30% drop for its endowment ending in June 2009, which would bring it to $25.8 billion, down another $1 billion. While this strikes me as optimistic, it does suggest the extent of the damage and the challenges Harvard and its peers face.

The options for universities are dwindling. A study suggests that tuition has risen 439% since 1982 while median family incomes have increased only 137% during that period. If tuition continues to rise at that rate, few families will be able to afford college. With the student loan market in dire straits and incomes likely to fall further due to layoffs, the only way for colleges to attract top students who can't pay will be to cut tuition even more on the lower income families while making up the difference by raising tuition for the wealthiest ones.

Harvard is an easy target for the woes of our economy. Its business school produced George W. Bush, the fellow who's presided over the current economic catastrophe, and Rick Wagoner, the CEO of the largest automobile maker who's led its stock down 95% in the last eight years and now wants $25 billion worth of taxpayer money to keep the millions rolling into his bank account. But Harvard had these folks for just two years, so it's tough to blame the school for the current predicament.

However, with $36.9 billion in assets (as of June 30), Harvard also has the largest endowment of any university. And thanks to its big exposure to very illiquid interests in venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) firms, Harvard leads a growing list of limited partners (LPs) which are selling stocks and those very illiquid interests in order to come up with the cash needed to fulfill their capital calls to these partnerships.

This requires some explaining. VC firms raise money from limited partners such as wealthy individuals, foundations, pension funds, and endowments. But the LPs don't write checks up front -- instead they hold onto their cash and must write a check when the VC calls and asks for the money when the VC is on the verge of making an investment. The problem for many LPs like Harvard is that much of their stock portfolio is locked up in hedge funds and these illiquid VC and PE interests.

The Dow lost 385 points this week with a 315 point election day rally on Tuesday, two consecutive days which totaled 929 points down, and a Friday rally of 248 points. Did the market rise on hopes of a McCain upset only to fall due to disappointment that Obama won? Did the market rally Friday because the 6.5% unemployment rate was not as bad as expected? It could be, but I doubt it.

More likely, the markets are moving because of the trading behavior of endowments, pension funds, and hedge funds. They make decisions for very different reasons. But some reporting on daily market movements looks like a joke -- nobody knows why the market goes up or down, but commenters use price movements as a daily barometer of the national mood. So how do endowments, pension funds, and hedge funds move the markets? Here's how:

• Endowments. Big university endowments, such as Harvard's, are desperately trying to unload billions of dollars worth of illiquid interests in venture capital and private equity firms. Harvard is reportedly trying to dump $1.5 billion worth of such interests into a market where there is likely to be very little interest. Not only that, these private equity firms are demanding that endowments fork over the money they committed to them so they can make new investments. And with the S&P 500 down 36.6% so far this year, many endowments are selling anything liquid to meet these commitments and to pay shorter-term obligations -- such as paying professors and keeping the lights on.

Your 401(k) and ROTH IRA might be down, and shares of student lender Sallie Mae (NYSE: SLM) have gone from $50 to $15 since October, over concerns about the student loan market.

But you'll be happy to know that the endowment for Harvard is chugging right along, up in the 7-9% range for its fiscal year ended in June, according to The Wall Street Journal (subscription required).

In the current market malaise, that's enough to make it the best-performing major endowment, according to experts. That's especially impressive given the fund's massive size: $35 billion.

The Journal reports that "The endowment's staff pursued a strategy of shielding the fund from market downturns by purchasing credit-default swaps that helped protect it from wild market swings. Harvard also had a larger position than many endowments in plain-vanilla Treasury debt, which outperformed the stock market."

I have just one question: With a $35 billion endowment growing at 7% per year, why do they need to charge $45 thousand per yeah? To its credit, the school announced late last year that it would extend much more generous financial aid to middle-class families.

Harvard has come out with a study that says the housing crisis will be prolonged. According to Reuters, the research says, "Record foreclosures and limited access to credit will make it harder than usual to rebound from this U.S. housing market slump."

It is comforting when some of the smartest people in the world come to the same conclusion that everyone else has already reached.

The Harvard work is based on the premise that a combination of high foreclosures and tight credit will keep housing down longer than in the past. That may be true.

The people at Harvard can afford houses. No one else can.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com.

Despite Fed Chair Ben Bernanke's comments this week about inflation, the dollar is dropping -- which is fueling higher oil prices. And the reason for that relates to the different strategies of the Fed and European central banks for fighting inflation.

The difference? The Fed talks about inflation but keeps its interest rate at 2%. If Bernanke was serious about fighting inflation, he'd raise rates. Meanwhile, the New York Times reports that two European central banks -- which set their rates at 4% (European Central Bank (ECB)) and 5% (Bank of England) -- are talking about raising the rates further because they're "alarmed by soaring prices for food and fuel." The ECB thinks May inflation was 3.6% and it expects a 3.4% price rise for all of 2008.

The dollar has lost 70% of its value since January 2001 -- it's dropped from 92 cents to the Euro down to $1.56. Now if you're an investor, would you rather get a 4% return or a 2% one? That's the simple choice faced by people trying to decide whether to buy Euros or Dollars. And with the ECB on track to raise interest rates next month, the dollar is likely to fall further behind unless Bernanke puts the Fed Funds rate where his mouth is.

Peter Cohan is President of Peter S. Cohan & Associates. He also teaches management at Babson College and edits The Cohan Letter.

In fascinating endowment news yesterday, Harvard University turned to one of its former investment stars to take the helm of the Ivy League's biggest endowment of $35 billion.

Currently chief investment officer at Wellesley College, Jane Mendillo has been tapped o become the president and chief executive of Harvard Management Company. She fills in the slot vacated by Mohamed El-Erian, the emerging market bond guru, who left last year after less than two years in the job to return to his previous post with Bill Gross' PIMCO.

Famed uber-investor Jack Meyer racked up impressive returns in his tenure at Harvard Management Company during the 1990s. According to Wikipedia, Meyer grew an endowment "worth $4.8 billion to a value of $25.9 billion (including new contributions). During the last decade of his tenure, the endowment earned an annualized return of 15.9%."

Not too shabby.

It's great to see a woman take over the helm of such a high-profile investment fund. The best part of this whole move is that Mendillo is a Yale grad!

Zack Miller is the managing editor of IsraelNewsletter.com and a former equity analyst for a leading multinational hedge fund.

Sometimes you need to look outside the box in constructing a portfolio, and sometimes you have to look at the box. That box may play an important role in the diversification of your portfolio.

The New York Times has an article today about the prevalence of timber threat in the U.S. The article quotes, "The total value of the American log-export market has more than doubled since 2000, industry experts said, and it continues to grow."

This growth, in turn, is encouraging a new breed of tree hugger -- thieves who chop down timber illegally. It's not as severe as tree cribbing in countries like Indonesia and Brazil facing huge deforestation.

Historically, large investment funds like the Harvard Endowment have made large investments into timber (legally). In 2004, Harvard purchased a 468,000-acre New Zealand forest -- then estimated to be worth $540 million.

No doubt, Facebook is one of the internet's hottest startups. The company has raised gobs of venture capital, has deals with companies like Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT), and is often rumored to go public or be bought out.

The company's founder, Mark Zuckerberg, is just in his early twenties, fresh from Harvard. Over the past few months, several of his recent classmates have made claims that they are the real owners of the Facebook concept.

Such disputes are very common for early stage companies. And it's also common for these companies to be sloppy in protecting themselves from legal claims.

So what can be done?

From June 30, 2006 to June 30, 2007, Harvard's endowment returned 23%. With the market up less than 20% and the median institutional fund up 17.7%, these returns would be impressive for any hedge fund. But Harvard's endowment isn't a hedge fund. It's a diversified pool of investments totaling nearly $35 billion. This type of outperformance on $35 billion is unbelievable.

Huge outperformance at Harvard's endowment has allowed its size to surge above Yale's endowment, which amounts to just $18 billion. Harvard has become increasingly reliant on its endowment to cover costs related to running the school, according to the AP.

Interestingly, Yale's endowment manager David Swenson recently wrote a book, Unconventional Success: A Fundamental Approach to Personal Investment, in which he essentially advocated a diversified portfolio of index funds for the average investor.