Out of every five hedge fund managers, one is prone to fibbing, according to research from NYU's Stern School of Business. This is likely to pour salt in the wound of an industry that's been in rough shape for the past year. And, it'll probably add a bit more pressure for transparency.

The NYU report uses data from 444 due diligence reports that investors commissioned from 2003 to 2008. The research team put the information against the test of reality to see where the differences are. The most common stretch of the truth was the amount of their own money the managers put into their hedge funds, fund performance and regulatory and legal histories. One fund inflated its assets under management by $300 million, while another wasn't up front about one of its partner's legal records (he had stolen a Chinese junk).

Bank of America (NYSE: BAC - option chain) shares are rising today on news that the hedge-fund firm Paulson & Co. bought 168 million shares of the stock, now worth $2.7 billion, during the second quarter, according to a regulatory filing. It was the firm's biggest purchase of the quarter, and investors appear to be reading the disclosure as a strong endorsement of the stock, especially since this firm was one of the few that saw the financial trouble coming. If you think that the stock won't fall by too much in the coming months, then now could be a good time to look at a bullish hedged trade on BAC.

BAC opened this morning at $16.66. So far today the stock has hit a low of $16.23 and a high of $16.77. As of 11:45, BAC is trading at $16.73 up 80 cents (5.0%). The chart for BAC looks neutral and S&P gives BAC a neutral 3 STARS (out of 5) hold ranking.

What began as a $6 million endeavor in 1996 is coming to a (partial) close. Atticus Capital is shuttering two of its three hedge funds and is returning $3 billion to shareholders. The move is strictly a personal one, according to CEO Timothy Barakett in a letter to investors. Atticus is slicing its flagship fund and a smaller one, but is keeping its European Fund, which has $1.2 billion under management.

Prevailing market conditions led Barakett to begin liquidating many of the Atticus Global portfolio's holdings, an effort he expects to be complete by the end of September. Investors can expect to receive around 95% of their money in early October, with the rest being disbursed after the fund's final audit later in the year.

If you think that the past 12 months have had any impact on the "2/20" hedge fund pricing model, please say hi to the Easter Bunny for me.

According to Bloomberg News, reductions from the 2% fee based on assets under management and 20% of investment gains aren't coming anytime soon. Further, the hedge fund community will only trade money for other advantages -- such as longer lockup periods and high minimum commitments (e.g., of at least $100 million).

And, it's worse if the fund is a top performer. After all, why change if you're making money? It seems that there's nothing quite like results for shutting up limited partners.

Hedge fund manager Michael Regan has pleaded guilty to running a Ponzi scheme. Manager of the Massachusetts-based River Stream Fund, he admitted to defrauding around 70 investors. The fund held just shy of $20 million in assets ... despite the relatively meager $101,600 sitting in its accounts. The fund purported to return 20 percent a year since 2001, paying out $9 million in "profits" and returned capital.

Pequot Capital Management is coming to an end, closing the book on two decades of hedge fund history. Arthur Samberg, at one point the biggest hedge fund manager in the world, is closing the company as a result of a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) insider trading investigation.

At its peak in 2001, Pequot had $15 million in assets under management. By November 2008, it was only $4.3 billion ... and $3.47 billion as of May 15, 2009, according to a regulatory filing.

This post is part of our feature on Money Winners of 2008. See all 20.

Lots of people thought real estate was overpriced. Many worried that banks were giving out mortgages too cheap. But what did you do about it? (Either to help the situation or to make money.) Jeff Greene, a real estate mogul in California, actually found a way to bet against the subprime mortgage folly. He made $450 million -- at least that was the count earlier this year.

Well, he didn't just think of it on his own. He basically took the idea that his friend, hedge fund manager John Paulson, had. Paulson thought that, as an individual, Greene wouldn't be able to do this complex a transaction. According to the Wall Street Journal he even used special software so investors in a hedge fund Paulson created just to exploit the subprime crisis couldn't pass on his strategy.

How Greene and Paulson made money involves two financial terms you've probably had to learn this year and never want to hear again. Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) are the way mortgages are packaged and sold to investors in various slices of risk. Credit default swaps are the holders of those investments insured themselves -- by buying what was like unregulated insurance from one another. The credit default swaps are what got so many big companies in trouble -- they had to pay up on investments that went bad. So Paulson shorted CDOs and bought some credit default swaps.

For Citigroup (NYSE: C) to regain the confidence of Wall Street it will have to start doing a few things right. Firing 53,000 people probably does not qualify. After that news, Citi hit another 52-week low at $7.80, down from a 52-week high of $35.29.

More losses won't help. Some bank analysts believe that Citi's consumer credit portfolio and derivative assets will cause negative earnings right through 2009.

Now, the big bank gave investors another reason to turn their backs as it closed one more of its hedge funds, which lost 53% of its value in a month. Taking the value of assets down that much in such a short period probably requires as much skill as showing an increase of a similar size. In other words, it is extraordinary.

According to the FT, "Citigroup is liquidating its Corporate Special Opportunities hedge fund after it lost 53 per cent of its value last month, marking the ninth time in recent months that the bank has had to close or rescue a fund." At its peak, the fund had over $4 billion in assets.

The point in this is not only that Citi keeps making mistakes. In addition, the bank might as well fire its entire public relations and corporate communications staff. They are of no use to the firm as long as it keeps cutting its own throat in front of the press and shareholders. Dispensing with the PR group could be part of the big, planned layoff. No one would miss them

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 24/7 Wall St.

The people at Goldman Sachs (NYSE: GS) are supposed to be genetically different from the rest of Wall Streeet. They are supposed to be smarter and more astute at taking risks. That may be why the firm's losses have not been as great as those at most other financial companies.

The folks at Goldman looked downright human as news came out that one of its large hedge funds is $1 billion lighter than it was at the beginning of the year. According to the FT, "Goldman Sachs Investment Partners, which was hailed in January as one of the biggest hedge fund launches, raising more than $6bn, has told investors that it had lost $989m by September."

Goldman did have an excuse. The firm said that the hedge fund business was bad everywhere. Cold comfort to investors who lost money.

Unstated by most ,but nonetheless true, missteps by Goldman have hurt its image and brought it down to the level of most other investment banks. Its image as "elite" probably changed with its transformation to being a commercial bank to qualify for one of the federal programs that provides financial aid to U.S. banks. Wall Street wondered why the premier company in the industry would have to do that.

The news about its big hedge fund loss is just one more piece of data. Goldman is no longer special. The credit crisis has made it "ordinary" and there is not much evidence that it can recover from that fall.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com.

MAJOR PAPERS:

• Investors are taking their money out of hedge funds more now that at any time over the past 10 years, according to the Wall Street Journal. Firms are bracing for the end of June when the next big wave will hit.
• First it was a demand for management changes, and now shareholders, including one time director Eli Broad and fund managers Shelby Davis of Davis Selected Advisors and Bill Miller of Legg Mason Inc (NYSE: LM), are again upset with American International Group Inc (NYSE: AIG) and want changes in the boardroom as well, the Wall Street Journal reported.
• The Wall Street Journal reported that Citigroup Incorporated (NYSE: C) will close Old Lane Partners, a hedge fund co-founded by CEO Vikram Pandit.

OTHER PAPERS:

• Spotlight Capital is increasing pressure on Chico's FAS Inc (NYSE: CHS) and said it has been in touch with 25 major shareholders in order to oust CEO Scott Edmonds and unseat board member John Burden, who are accused of having a conflict of interest, the New York Post reported.

WEB SITES:

• Advanced Micro Devices Inc (NYSE: AMD) denied reports certain of its new dual-core chip, code-named Kuma, have been canceled, according to CNet. A spokesman for the company said that the launch of Kuma, scheduled for the second half of 2008, remains on track.

Ever wonder how hedge fund managers get to become hedge fund managers? It'd be pretty interesting to have $1 billion at your fingertips to try and make some loot.

Portfolio.com has an interesting article today entitled, "Digging Up Dirt on Fund Managers", which explores the people behind the computers in the hedge fund industry. Based upon a recent survey published by the Greenwich Roundtable and Quinnipiac University, researchers claim that almost 82% of investors in hedge funds have decided not to invest with a manager because of allegations of unethical behavior. (See my recent post about a leading hedge fund manager facing time.)

In an industry that is supposedly driven by hard, cold numbers and return on investment, it's interesting to see how when you get down to it, managing money is still built on trust. The same article quotes Steve McMenamin, executive director of the Greenwich Roundtable, a non-profit research group for investors in alternative assets, as saying, "These fund structures are based on trust. If there's even a hint of impropriety, investors tend to shy away."

Interesting findings indeed.

Zack Miller is the Managing Editor of IsraelNewsletter.com and a former equity analyst for a leading multinational hedge fund.

MAJOR PAPERS:

• According to sources, the Wall Street Journal reported that Countrywide Financial Corporation (NYSE: CFC) is under investigation for possible securities fraud. People close to the situation say the inquiry is in its early stages but it involves an inquiry into alleged misrepresentations of the company's financial position and the quality of its mortgage loans.
• The Financial Times reported that Credit Suisse Group (NYSE: CS) has teamed up with three leading academics to create products that will deal with the potentially lucrative hedge fund replication industry. The upcoming suite of products will attempt to mechanically replicate the returns of the major hedge fund strategies.

OTHER PAPERS:

• Rio Tinto Plc (NYSE: RTP) is expected to announce this week that its aluminum business is worth up to $20B more than current estimates, after a rise in aluminum prices; the UK Times reported that the statement could raise pressure on BHP Billiton Limited (NYSE: BHP) to increase its takeover bid for Rio.
• Asset manager Ameriprise Financial Inc (NYSE: AMP) is pairing up with MasterCard Incorporated (NYSE: MA), the Associated Press reported, to become a credit card lender for the first time, the two companies reportedly plan to announce today.

MAJOR PAPERS:

• The Wall Street Journal's "Heard on the Street" reported that VCG Special Opportunities Master Fund, a $58M asset hedge fund which is owned by an investment firm that also owns a Puerto Rican investment bank, is separately suing Citigroup Incorporated (NYSE: C) and Wachovia Corporation (NYSE: WB) for requiring it to pay money from "credit default swaps" as the value of mortgage backed bonds fell.

OTHER PAPERS:

• In an attempt to cut back its growth plans due to higher fuel costs, AirTran Holdings Inc (NYSE: AAI) CEO Bob Fornaro said the Orlando-based airline will sell two jets next month. The Orlando Sentinel reported that record fuel costs could also impact AirTran's negotiations with its pilots union.
• Fnac is in talks with Apple Inc (NASDAQ: AAPL) to sell the iPhone in France, Le Figaro reported. The head of PPR SA's Fnac Chain, Denis Olivennes, said France Telecom's (NYSE: FTE) exclusivity rights for the iPhone in France are "inadmissible."

WEB SITES:

• Bloomberg reported that the head of Dubai International Capital, Sameer al-Ansari, said that as losses increase from the subprime mortgage market turmoil, Citigroup may need additional capital from outside investors.

MAJOR PAPERS:

• The Wall Street Journal reported that the focus of reports of four deaths and 350 allergic reactions to Baxter International Inc's (NYSE: BAX) generic version of the blood thinner drug Heparin, and the ingredients supplied by a Chinese manufacturer, also includes Wisconsin-based Scientific Protein Laboratories, a co-owner of the Chinese manufacturing plant, and majority owned by American Capital Strategies Ltd (NASDAQ: ACAS), a Maryland buyout firm.
• Citigroup Incorporated (NYSE: C) has suspended investors at its CSO Partners hedge fund from withdrawing their money after they attempted to pull more than 30% of the fund's nearly $500M in assets, the Wall Street Journal reported.
• AT&T Inc (NYSE: T) is seeking more revenue from India as it tries to expand its consumer mobile phone operations outside the U.S, the Financial Times reported.

OTHER PAPERS:

• According to the New York Times, the FDA broke its own rules by approving for sale Baxter International's Heparin without first inspecting a Chinese plant where the drug's key ingredient is made.