Investors are scared. The value of their portfolios has plummeted. Now many are seeking safety instead of returns.

If you are one of those investors, you need to understand the different levels of security in the options available to protect you.

But first, ask whether capital preservation is really the right goal for you.

If you anticipate needing 20% or more of your assets within a five year period, you should not have any exposure to the stock market. You need the confidence of knowing your money will be there when you need it. You cannot afford the kind of market volatility we are experiencing that could cause you to sell at a loss to pay living expenses.

You have a number of choices outside the stock market. As with all investments, you are rewarded for taking risk. Remember: The most secure choices will pay the lowest interest.

The liquidity crunch is having unprecedented ramifications in markets that were traditionally regarded as very safe. Many financial experts now regard only cash and debt secured by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government as really safe.

The current financial crisis differs from the Great Depression in many respects. At the moment, the most significant difference is that central banks around the world are moving fast to try to stop the problem from getting worse. Stocks in Asia and Europe are rallying and futures point to a higher opening in the U.S.

Should you sell into this rally? Maybe. It depends on whether you think the world's finance ministers have solved the problem.

What are European central banks doing? The UK is injecting $64 billion into three large banks -- Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc, HBOS Plc, and Lloyds TSB Group -- European governments agreed to guarantee new bank debt until the end of 2009, and the U.S. is coordinating with Europe to offer unlimited dollars to ease the credit crunch.

How are markets reacting? In Asia, stocks rose -- Hong Kong's Hang Seng index surged 7.5% while Sydney's S&P/ASX 200 index rose 5.6%. Things are looking up in Europe as well -- London's FTSE 100 index and Paris's CAC-40 are both up 5.4% and S&P 500 futures suggest a 6% gain in the U.S. What will the U.S. do?

Oil jumps more than $25 in one day and a chorus rises to 'stamp out speculators'.

But are speculators at the core of the problem? And if so, would reducing speculation lower oil prices?

Economist David H. Wang argues that speculators "may in fact be boosting oil's price" and a partial solution may be to require commodity traders to deposit more money per futures contract, thus reducing the number of speculators. That should lead to smaller price moves for oil, he said.

However, Wang cautioned, that reduction in speculators will also lead to smaller price moves to the downside if and when oil's bearish fundamentals become the market's major concern.

Oil: "The sexiest asset in town"

As of midday Monday, the Dow had rebounded off early-session lows, but if investors / readers are thinking about entering this market now, caution is advised, for several reasons.

First, those familiar with technical analysis know that the Dow's rebound to a loss of 180 points to a level of about 11,233, up from a loss of more than 300 points, could be just short-covering.

Second, major unknowns exist regarding the financial system. And I mean major.

The fate of American Interational Group (NYSE: AIG) remains an enormous question mark. The largest insurer of assets, AIG may face a downgrade that would trigger a collateral call from debt investors who bought credit default swaps, a form of insurance for bonds. Further, if hedge and other institutional investors sense those swaps are not in force, they may seek swaps elsewhere and/or sell assets to reduce market risk / raise capital. That could spark a new round of stock selling. AIG's shares fell $5.33 to $6.81 in late Monday morning trading.

Political science empirical research teaches us that when U.S. unemployment is rising and job losses occur over many months, the political party in charge of the White House will have a difficult presidential election. (See: The American Voter, by Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes.)

Federal statisticians will release one more jobs report, the September jobs report in October, but to-date the trend is not one of U.S. economic health.

The U.S. Labor Department announced Friday that the U.S. economy lost another 84,000 jobs in August, with the unemployment rising to 6.1% - - a five-year high.

The U.S. economy has now lost 605,000 jobs in 2008 after creating just 1.1 million in 2007. Economist David H. Wang told BloggingStocks Friday the U.S. economy is not growing.

'U.S. economy headed in wrong direction'

"The U.S. economy is in recession. We don't have to wait for two-quarter date to confirm it. These are very bad numbers and the economy is headed in the wrong direction," Wang said. "Electioneering attempts aside, the U.S. economy is, objectively, in bad shape and anyone who fails to see this fails to recognize reality."

Start with a few speculative stocks. Add a distressed-debt corporate bond portfolio, and two quantitative-based hedge funds, and a momentum-based hedge fund for the British pound/Japanese yen currency pairing.

Sounds like a typical, assertive portfolio for a wealth management group or, perhaps, for an accredited investor.

But a public pension fund?

Public pension funds in the United States are increasing bets on high-risk hedge funds and real estate in an attempt to fill deficits in retirement plans and recover ground, due to the worst performance by pension funds in six years, Bloomberg News reported Thursday.

Public funds, which manage more than $2.45 trillion in assets, are trying to reverse losses averaging 5.5% for the year ended June 30, according to Merrill Lynch data, and stem the tide of deficits, Bloomberg News reported. The State of New York's comptroller is asking its Legislature to increase its alternative investment spending cap; in February, the State of South Carolina upped its alternate investment / private equity / real estate cap to 45% from 0%.

'Investment distortions of the very worst sort'

Economist Glen Langan told BloggingStocks Thursday he doesn't like the sound of the new stance by state / local governments, if the aforementioned represents a trend.

"I view it as another manifestation of the U.S. stock market slump," Langan said. "The underperformance of stocks and the drive for outsized return on equity is leading to investment distortions of the very worst sort. We saw this in the mortgage market with their securities. It got to a point that if the interest rate was high enough, banks made the loan. We've seen it in oil, where the unattractiveness of stocks led institutions to dive into oil futures, driving up prices well above historic gains. And now it looks like public pension funds are catching the bug or flu."

This post is part of a series where personal finance expert Dan Solin looks at money moves that may seem smart in tough economic times, but are actually quite dumb. See all 12.

You can't blame investors for being nervous. The markets go up one day and plunge the next. This stomach-churning turbulence creates anxiety and sometimes panic.

The financial media inflames the situation with breathless news of breaking developments and endless, often contradictory, predictions.

It is no wonder that investors are tempted to sell their stocks and sit on the sidelines until the market "bottoms out."

This is generally a bad idea.

Ted Allrich is the founder of The Online Investor and author of the just released book: Comfort Zone Investing: Build Wealth And Sleep Well At Night. In this weekly column, he'll offer advice to investors who are just getting started.

Times are tough. The stock market is up and down, not like a roller coaster, more like a ride that takes you straight up, then drops. It's exhilarating for some, frightening for most. When stocks move this fast, they present opportunities. One way to take advantage is to use an old investment idea called Constant Dollar Investing. Here's how it works.

You make a commitment to invest the same number of dollars each month. You buy one stock, or a different one, every month. Usually investors buy a fixed number of stocks, adding to each position one at a time. What this does is give an investor an overall lower cost of buying a full position in a stock. Here are the numbers.

Another day, another oil record.

Oil easily pushed past $145 Thursday morning after traders calculated that the already weak dollar has further to fall after the European Central Bank increased a key interest rate by a quarter point to 4.25%.

Oil rose as much as $2.28 to $145.85 per barrel -- an all-time high -- before easing back slightly to trade at $144.40 at mid-day.

Oil tends to rise when the dollar falls as investors/traders seek to preserve purchasing power of the decreased value of dollar-denominated commodities by bidding their price up. However, it's important to note that the dollar/oil correlation is not perfect: there have been instances in which the dollar fell and oil fell.

The Wall Street Journal reports that the stock market finished the second quarter just above Bear market territory. Does that mean everything's great or that things are going to get worse from here? I think the worst is yet to come and that investors should hold onto their stocks unless they and/or the companies they've bought are going bankrupt. And they might look to buy stocks in the coal and fertilizer industries.

The Journal reports that the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) began its march downward, ending the quarter (including Monday's slim 3.50-point gain) with an overall loss of 912.88 points, or 7.4%, at 11350.01 -- and perilously slightly less than the 20% decline from a recent high that is considered the start of a bear market. It was the third straight quarterly decline and the worst second quarter since 2002.

I think the 20% decline that designates a Bear market is pretty arbitrary. People know that the market has been a disaster. And if earnings matter, it's likely to get worse. The Journal notes that analysts expect earnings at S&P 500 companies to be down 11% for the second period, led by a 60% plunge in financial-sector earnings. Estimates fell sharply as the quarter progressed. On April 1, analysts were expecting a 2% drop in S&P earnings and a 31% decline in the financial sector.

Baby Boomers, in some cases already facing the 'double demands' of caring for kids and aging parents, have another economic concern, at least for the next phase of the housing cycle: substantially lower household net worth, as a result of declining home prices, so says a Washington-based think tank.

The Center for Economic and Policy Research says the median households head by those ages 45-54 in 2009 will have about 25% less wealth than the similar demographic in 2004. In dollars, household wealth will decline to $113,268 from $150,113.

Further, the above assume March 2008's housing prices hold for 2009: if they don't and prices fall another 10%, household net worth declines by about 35%; 20%, by about 45%, the CEPR said.

Economist Peter Dawson, who is not affiliated with the CEPR or the study, told BloggingStocks part of the problem was "unreasonable expectations regarding home appreciation rates, the belief that 10-15% real estate gains would continue for decades. It got too many adults out of the traditional saving and investing mode and into thinking their home would serve as a major return on investment." Most homes do appreciate, and they can help build wealth, Dawson said, but homeowners must think in terms of a 6-9% average, annual appreciation rate, "which is a more-realistic return for residential dwellings."

Ted Allrich is the founder of The Online Investor and author of the just released book: Comfort Zone Investing: Build Wealth And Sleep Well At Night. In this weekly column, he'll offer advice to investors who are just getting started.

Any investor looking to the Fed to bail out current credit problems is looking at part of the answer. The Fed can only do so much. It can lower interest rates. It can add money to the economy. But that isn't going to be enough to cure all the bad mortgages or delinquent credit card payments. And if the Fed adds too much money to the economy, it feeds inflation. The Fed needs help from Congress and the President and mostly business, particularly the banks and thrifts that made the loans.

Here's the essence of the problem: even if rates go much lower, if people don't have jobs, they won't borrow money because they don't have the means to pay it back. Furthermore, banks won't lend money to the unemployed or underemployed. They've already done that. That's why we're in this mess. And they should be the ones to pay for it, not taxpayers. The lenders need to face these problems squarely and take the necessary measures to work them out.

The Dow Jones industrial average soared almost 400 points today as a plethora of good news soothed the frayed nerves of investors. This is the best start for stocks in the second quarter since 1938, according to Bloomberg.

First, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (NYSE: LEH) and UBS AG (NYSE: UBS) announced plans to raise an additional $19 billion in capital to bolster their balance sheets that have been pounded by write downs from exposure to subprime mortgages. The news lifted the shares of many financial stocks including Merrill Lynch & Co. (NYSE: MER), Bear Stearns Cos. (NYSE: BSC) and Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS).

For once, the economic data wasn't all that bad either. Data from the Institute of Supply Management showed manufacturing activity slowed in March at a slower rate than February and the government also reported better-than-expected construction data for February.

Over the last quarter $100 billion has left equity funds. The FT says that data from Emerging Portfolio Fund Research shows that "investors pulled $70bn from US, Japan and Western Europe funds during the quarter." Some of that money went into funds which invest in emerging markets and a great deal of it went into safe money market funds.

The data means that many mutual fund companies will post bad first quarter figures, but the news is much more serious than that. Such a large amount leaving these funds means that stocks are being sold to provide the capital for redemptions. The process sets up a bad cycle. Stocks are sold to provide money to go into other assets. The sale of stocks continues to push equity indexes down. This leads to more withdrawals.

The only positive aspect to the news is that there is now hundreds of billions of dollars in money market funds, most of it very liquid. If the markets do begin to recover due to better news on earnings or a perceived end to problems in the financial sector, there is a great deal of "dry powder" to be put back in the market. That could further accelerate a market recovery.

But, if withdrawals from equity funds continues, that could be a long way off.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com.

Ted Allrich is the founder of The Online Investor and author of the just released book: Comfort Zone Investing: Build Wealth And Sleep Well At Night. In this weekly column, he'll offer advice to investors who are just getting started.

Of course they can. But they can also get much better. While the stock market, as measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average, has rallied from its lows, can it sustain the gain or will investors take this opportunity to reap smaller losses (who has profits these days?) or step up and buy? Here's what will influence them.

It seems all economic news is bad. "Credit crunch" is more common than Captain Crunch around the breakfast table. Banks are hemorraging from bad loans. They're reluctant to make new ones unless the credit is so good and the loan so small that it would be impossible to lose money on it. Most likely the best terms are for those borrowers who deposit all the money they need in the bank first, then borrow it back, but not all of it. The banks want that extra cushion of safety these days. Don't look for the banks to change lending habits soon. More losses are coming. Until they stop, banks will keep credit tight.