The past couple of trading days it started to look as though oil had finally run out of steam and was coming back to "reasonable" levels. Well, prices are moving higher once again today following news that Iran has test-launched 9 missiles today.

After heading up to $145 a barrel last week, oil had fallen nicely over the past two trading sessions, and as of last night prices were down at $136.04. Today, oil is moving up $1.63 a barrel as the market once again is facing the hard reality of an unpredictable future in the Middle East.

Iran has been all over the news over the past couple of years, and the main theme is the country's nuclear energy ambitions. The West, and Israel, have been claiming for a long time now that Iran has one goal in mind... nuclear weapons. But Iran has been defiant in its claims that it is only after nuclear energy and that its nuclear program is purely for peaceful means.

The need to fulfill promises of increased aid for Africa, and a general agreement between the United States and Russia on an approach to Iran's nuclear program took center stage as leaders from the Group of Eight industrial nations met Monday in Japan, The Associated Press reported.

President Bush, attending his last summit as a sitting U.S. president, underscored the importance of providing aid for Africa, calling on wealthy nations to provide mosquito netting and other aid to prevent needless deaths, the AP reported.

Basic items - - even equipment as basic as mosquito netting - - can reduce mortality rates in sections of Africa. Mosquito netting prevents children and others from dieing of bites from disease-carrying mosquitoes.

In 2005 the G-8 pledged to increase global aid to $130 billion, and increase assistance to Africa to $50 billion. ONE, a nonpartisan group working to end extreme poverty, predicted that the U.S. and the United Kingdom will meet their commitments, while France, Italy, Germany and Canada are off the mark, Bloomberg News reported Monday.

Increased global food aid likely

Economist Glen Langan, whose specializations include agricultural economics, said increased aid for food and agricultural development will likely be announced by G-8 leaders at the summit, or soon thereafter, due to the rising cost of food's impact on poorer nations. "The aid will be targeted to meeting basic needs first, but with an eye toward directing some funds to self-sustaining agriculture," Langan said, adding that Africa "has the potential to achieve food production gains greater than South America."

Oil fell more than $5 to about $140 per barrel Monday morning after Iran's foreign minister expressed confidence in talks with western governments regarding the nation's nuclear program, Bloomberg News reported.

Iran's foreign minister Manouchehr Mottaki told CNN talks are "in a new environment" and "new approaches" are possible.

A rising dollar Monday morning also helped push oil lower. The dollar strengthened against the euro and the British pound on expectation G-8 industrial leaders will verbally support the dollar at an upcoming economic summit in Japan.

Oil fell $5.14 to $140.15 per barrel Monday morning before recovering slightly to $141.30. The other major energy commodities also plunged in early Monday trading. Heating oil plummeted 13 cents to $3.97 per gallon, unleaded gasoline fell about 10 cents to $3.47 per gallon, and natural gas plunged 42 cents to $13.16 per million BTUs.

Economist Glen Langan, who argues that fundamentals (primarily rising demand) are the major factors determining oil's price, said legitimate progress on the Iran uranium enrichment issue would ease traders' concerns about Iran's supply. "Iran is still OPEC's No. 2 producer and a major exporter of oil, so lasting good news with regard to Iran will ease traders minds about tensions in and near the Persian Gulf. That will take some pressure off prices," Langan said. About 20% of the world's oil flows through the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz.

OPEC President Chalib Khelil predicted that oil will rise $170 per barrel by the end of 2008, due to the weak dollar and geopolitical tensions, Bloomberg News reported.

Khelil said that as "the dollar continues to weaken against the euro," it will push oil to the aforementioned level and that political pressure on Iran is boosting the price as well.

Oil rose $3.46 to a record $143.67 per barrel Monday morning before drifting back slightly to $142.67 on concern the dispute over Iran's nuclear program may disrupt supply from that OPEC nation, energy trader Jim Dietz said. Iran is OPEC's second largest producer.

Meanwhile, the dollar was virtually unchanged against the euro at $1.5739 in early Monday trading.

OPEC said Tuesday it won't match member Saudi Arabia's 200,000 barrel per day production boost, because in the cartel's estimation there's no need to increase output, The Associated Press reported Tuesday.

OPEC President Chakib Khelil said there's no need to increase supply, citing factors outside of OPEC's control, including the weak U.S. dollar and U.S. pressure on Iran, for high oil prices. Khelil also blamed the U.S. mortgage crisis and speculators for driving oil prices higher.

The United States and the European Union want Iran to end uranium enrichment, a technology which would give Iran the materials needed to produce a nuclear bomb. Iran says it wants the nuclear technology solely to produce energy. If one discounts oil sands, Iran, also a member of OPEC, has the world's second largest proved oil reserves, after Saudi Arabia.

Khelil's comments had little impact on the oil market Tuesday. Oil closed down 19 cents to $136.55 in a session devoid of major price moves -- a rarity for the oil markets in the past two years.

Oil: A record year

OPEC said Wednesday it wants a "solution" to end record-high oil prices, including an examination of the role speculators and governments of consuming and producing nations, when it meets later this month in Saudi Arabia, Bloomberg News reported.

Saudi Arabia, the world's top oil exporter and holder of the largest proved oil reserves, said it wants heads of state from consumer/producer nations to attend the June 22 meeting in Jeddah, Reuters reported, although it was unclear if any heads of state outside the cartel will attend the meeting.

A International Energy Agency official said the IEA's Executive Director Nobuo Tanaka would attend the meeting.

After a week-long pullpack with many traders calling a correction in a bull market, oil's seemingly inexorable drive to a price few individuals or companies can afford continued Wednesday. Oil closed up $5.11 to $136.42 per barrel after the U.S. Energy Information Administration announced a below-consensus 4.6-million-barrel decline in weekly oil inventories.

Although OPEC's previous meeting in Rome led to no new insights regarding oil, OPEC General Secretary Abdalla el-Badri told Bloomberg News this meeting will be different: "This one is different. This one is specifically to tackle the high oil prices, why they are high, who is to blame," el-Badri said. "Is this a real shortage in the market, or speculation, or the dollar? What is wrong?"

German Chancellor Angela Merkel said continental Europe should take the lead in financial market reform because the "Anglo-Saxon" model of regulation had failed, The Financial Times reported Wednesday.

Merkel, speaking before her meeting with U.S. President Bush and ahead of next month's G-8 leading industrialized nations economic summit, called for a European credit ratings agency to counter-balance Moody's and Standard & Poor's (NYSE: MHP), adding that despite the progress Europe has made with the euro, the financial regulatory framework is still "a strongly Anglo-Saxon dominated system."

Reforms sought by Berlin will include a ban on agency ratings for products they helped to create, new capital adequacy ratios for banks, and the prevention of bank sale of products they don't understand.

London-based economist Mark Chandler told BloggingStocks Wednesday he agrees with Merkel on the need for both financial market reform and a Europe-based counterweight to complement the largely U.S.-based regulatory framework, but is slightly surprised by Merkel's rhetoric.

The ever-incisive FT columnist Martin Wolf reminds us that while globalization's prize is plus-sum (everyone gains), as opposed to zero-sum (Country A gains only if Country B loses), it is not perfect sum (there are costs) nor egalitarian sum (everyone gains equally).

The biggest advantage of globalization, in Wolf's view? The spread of prosperity, including a wider distribution of innovation and bigger opportunities for profitable exchange/trade. Also valuable, although not guaranteed, Wolf says, is increased political stability in previously impoverished countries.

Globalization marches on

Further, in the globalization era's first decade, the United States can't do anything to halt the flow of ideas, and the diffusion of knowledge, skills, technology systems, and so forth, Wolf argues. Or at least the United States can't do anything decent to stop globalization.

With oil setting yet another record high Friday of $127.43 per barrel and Goldman Sachs renewing traders concerns about inadequate oil supply growth, economists and business executives are becoming increasingly concerned about gasoline prices in the quarters ahead.

U.S. gasoline prices are already up more than 100% since 2004 to a national average of about $3.78-3.83 per gallon. (Many high-cost zones, such as New York, Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, are already experiencing prices well over $4 per gallon.) By any gauge, gasoline's surge is one for the record books - - rapidly approaching percentage increases registered during the first two oil shocks, in 1973-74 and 1979-80.

Given the run-up, how much higher can gasoline prices rise?

First, some may ask, why the emphasis on gasoline prices? In a nutshell, economists obsess over gasoline prices because, unlike the rest of the developed world, the United States has out-sized per capita energy consumption. That's econospeak for 'Americans use many more gallons of fuel to commute to work, do errands, etc. than their counterparts in Europe and around the world.'

U.K. home repossession claims by mortgage lenders increased 16% from a year ago to their highest level since the early 1990s, Bloomberg News reported Friday.

The U.K.'s Ministry of Justice said possession claims, the first step in the foreclosure process, increased to 38,688 in Q1 2008, from 27,530 in Q1 2007, Bloomberg News reported.

Anglo-American housing slump

London-based economist Mark Chandler told BloggingStocks Friday the large foreclosure rise indicates that the air is easing out of the housing balloon, and that the housing correction that began in the United States, is "clearly washing shore in the U.K."

As serious as the oil issue is in the United States, the west, and globally, considering its impact on economic development, circumstances could become even more challenging, in the quarters ahead, if present trends continue.

That's because, due to emerging market growth and per capita energy consumption rates in the United States - the oil -producing world "could be in a position of unprecedented pricing power," according to economist Glen Langan.

Langan says "could be" because the pricing power oil producers currently have, while significant, is not absolute. And oil-consuming nations still have time to regain some control over their oil bills. Oil Thursday reached a record high of $123.74 per barrel before closing slightly lower.

Here's the current global oil supply / demand landscape, as Langan sees it: daily global oil supply exceeds demand by the smallest of margins. It's the major reason the price of oil has been trending up for more than 5 years, but oil-consuming nations can increase that margin, via conservation, increased efficiency, and alternative sources of energy.

The dollar rallied to a six-week high Wednesday after U.S. productivity increased at a larger-than-expected rate and sentiment surfaced that Europe's economy may have slowed considerably.

The dollar rose about 2 cents versus the euro -- a large move in the currency market -- to $1.5370 on Wednesday afternoon. The dollar also gained against the world's other major currencies, rising about 2 cents to $1.9530 versus the British poundת about 0.5 cents to $1.0555 versus the Swiss franc and about one-half yen to 104.85 yen versus Japan's yen.

U.S. productivity gives dollar a lift

Earlier in the day, the U.S. Labor Department announced that U.S. worker productivity increased at a 2.2% annual pace in Q1 2008, well above the 1.7% Bloomberg News survey consensus estimate.

Independent currency trader Andrew Resnick told BloggingStocks Wednesday the Q1 2008 productivity data, combined with a sense that the European Central Bank is behind-the-curve concerning interest rate cuts to deal with slowing economic growth, put traders in dollar-buy mode.

Europe's economic growth will slow for a third straight year in 2009, to 1.5%, as higher inflation on the continent cuts into consumers' disposable income, the European Commission announced Monday.

The projection, provided in the EC's spring economic forecast, is 0.6 percentage points lower than the 2.1% 2009 GDP forecast projected in November 2007, and below the 1.7% growth rate anticipated for 2008.

Further the EC expects euro-zone inflation to increase to 3.2% this year, up from 2.6% in 2007, and then decline to 2.2% 2009.

Moreover, it's that higher, projected inflation for 2008 that in part led to the EC's more-modest growth expectations for 2009: the EC does not expect the European Central Bank to lower interest rates in the near future, as it attempts to reign-in rising inflation.

Europe's inflation rises

Higher oil, grain, and other commodity prices have amped-up inflation in both the United States and the European Union. However, the end of the housing boom in the U.S. economy has also substantially slowed the world's largest economy to near-recession levels, while Europe, with fewer housing-related problems to-date, has managed to maintain a modest growth level.

Oil zoomed past $119 per barrel Friday at mid-day after a cargo ship hired by U.S. military fired warning shots at boats suspected to be Iranian, Reuters reported Friday.

According to a U.S. Navy Bahrain-based Fifth Fleet spokeswoman, the Westward Venture, a cargo ship chartered by the U.S. Department of Defense, fired "a few bursts" of machine gun and rifle fire to warn two, approaching, unidentified small boats believed to be Iranian vessels, Reuters reported Friday. The small boats left the area, a short time later, the spokeswoman said.

Oil jumps $3

Oil surged $3.04 to $119.10 per barrel on word of the incident. The other major energy commodities also rose on the news. Heating oil rose about 4 cents to $3.30 per gallon, unleaded gasoline added about 4 cents to $3.05 per gallon, and natural gas gained 13 cents to $10.92 per million BTUs.

Independent energy trader Jim Dietz said the incident underscores how one unexpected event in today's oil-challenged world can send the oil markets into buy-mode in seconds.

China let the yuan rise to a record level versus the dollar Friday, Bloomberg News reported, in a sign Beijing may be modifying its currency stance in order to regain control of inflation.

The yuan strengthened to 6.9907 yuan versus the dollar Friday, its strongest level since the Chinese Government moved from a fixed or "dollar pegged" currency rate to a system that limits the yuan's currency appreciation to about 5% per year.

China has kept the yuan artificially low -- or not set by free-market, foreign exchange forces -- in order to stimulate economic growth and protect its young economy. The low yuan keeps the cost of Chinese exports low -- a major factor in both China's record trade surplus with the United States and its surging manufacturing export revenue. Critics charge that the low yuan gives China an unfair advantage versus foreign manufacturers: many of these producers, among others, argue that the yuan would appreciate to 5 or even 4.5 yuan to the dollar if allowed to float freely.