Discover Financial Services (NYSE: DFS), a credit-card company that competes with Visa (NYSE: V), MasterCard (NYSE: MA), and American Express (NYSE: AXP), reported earnings for the second quarter. According to this news summary, Discover beat expectations by posting a loss of $0.18 per share. The market thought that the loss would be as high as $0.29 per share.

If you read the actual press release, you'll see that Discover, on a reported basis, made $0.43 per share. However, we must remember that this profit included an antitrust settlement sourced to Visa and MasterCard. So, once you get rid of that money, you come up with a loss for the quarter.

Well, now it seems that even the big boys have to play by the rules. What do I mean play by the rules? Apparently, if a bank wants to pay back the TARP monies, they must demonstrate that they can raise equity.

JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM) and American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) were the only two banks that did not raise equity.

So there was an exchange between regulators and Jamie Dimon, JPMorgan's chief executive, who said that he did not believe that ability to tap capital markets should have been relevant for his bank. He went on to say, "Any argument you can think of, you could assume we made with our regulators. And as you could also expect, they won.The primary reason was access to equity capital markets, and its hard for me to imagine that really applies in the JPMorgan case." So it seems that the exchange was spirited to say the least.

Not all weeks can end on an a positive note, and this week was just one of those weeks. Maybe the bulls went into hibernation, or maybe it was all just profit taking. The DJIA closed out last week at 8,574.65, so the drop to 8,273.50 shows what sort of week it was. Inflation is still tame and the Empire Manufacturing data was actually close to positive.

Here were today's unofficial closing bell numbers:

Dow 8,273.50 -57.82 (-0.69%)
S&P 500 883.37 -9.70 (-1.09%)
Nasdaq 1,680.14 -9.07 (-0.54%)

Top Analyst Calls

Small biz credit card issuer Advanta (NAS: ADVNA) will shut down accounts to preserve capital and will stop lending June 10, according to Bloomberg. The company has 1 million customers that could be left without credit cards, yet another blow for small businesses suffocating without sufficient credit lines. Shares tumbled 24% on the news to less than a dollar per issue.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• Alcatel-Lucent (NYSE: ALU) shares rose even though it reported a wider loss for the quarter.
• American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) posted better-than-expected Q1 results but warned of challenges.
• Blackstone Group (NYSE: BX) reported a net loss and slumping revenues for the first quarter.
• Center Financial Corp. (NASDAQ: CLFC) was downgraded following its Q1 earnings report.
• Cisco Systems Inc. (NASDAQ: CSCO) posted lower Q3 earnings that still topped analysts estimates.

Visa (NYSE: V), whose colleagues include American Express (NYSE: AXP), MasterCard (NYSE: MA), and Discover Financial Services (NYSE: DFS), reported a Q2 profit on Wednesday that was surprisingly strong. On an adjusted basis, earnings came in at 73 cents per share. Analysts were banking on only 64 cents per share, according to Reuters.

Quite frankly, I can see the disparity between Wall Street's thinking and the ultimate reality. I mean, the economy has been bad (to state the obvious), and people aren't spending as much. This means that they aren't using their credit cards like they used to. Ergo, you might expect Visa to post a lower number.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) Q1 profit blew away estimates, sending shares soaring.
• Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL) topped analysts expectations and offered conservative guidance.
• Boeing Co. (NYSE: BA) reported better-than-expected results but warned that if faced challenges.
• Coach Inc. (NYSE: COH) topped Q3 profit estimates and announced the start of quarterly dividends.
• Continental Airlines Inc. (NYSE: CAL) widened is net loss in Q1 but still beat low Wall Street estimates.

Today's late-day rally had a common theme throughout the day: less-bad economic data. This went from better housing data and CPI not showing any deflation fears. The Beige Book was also showing that some of the 12 Fed regions are seeing a decline in the slowdown. Here are today's unofficial closing levels, which were essentially around the highs of the day:

Dow 8,029.62 +109.44 (1.38%)
S&P 500 852.06 +10.56 (1.25%)
Nasdaq 1,626.80 +1.08 (0.07%)

Top 10 Analyst Calls

"What can get this market going again?" asks Chuck Carlson. In The DRIP Investor he says, "It's helpful to understand what stocks within the Dow need to do well for the index to do well."

"Not surprisingly, IBM (NYSE: IBM), the highest-priced stock in the Dow, carries the greatest weighting at more than 9% of the index. Obviously, with such a heavy weighting in the index, IBM will need to be a decent performer for the Dow to do well going forward.

"And when you total up the exposure of IBM with the other tech stocks in the Dow - Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT), Intel (NASDAQ: INTC), and Hewlett-Packard (NYSE: HPQ) - the total tech weighting in the Dow is 16%. Thus, tech stocks matter to the Dow, so it is diffcult to see the Dow sustaining a move upward without a nice rebound in the tech sector.

How painful is spending money? Dan Ariely, who teaches behavioral economics at Duke University, has conducted a group of experiments dealing with how painful spending money really is. He asked people if, when they were dining out, they would prefer to pay with cash or by credit card. The overwhelming response was that they preferred to use the credit card.

He concluded that people feel that it's less painful to pay by credit card. He also suggests that people will spend more money with credit cards than with cash because credit card buying is less painful.

Looking at the jobs and retail landscapes, it would make sense to assume that consumers are slow in paying credit card bills. In some cases, they are not paying at all.

The actual trends are getting much worse, and banks with consumer credit exposure may be in for a rougher time than expected. According to Reuters, one credit rating agency is getting more business. The news service reports, "And more lenders are requesting an Equifax product called 'bankruptcy scores' that expresses the probability that an individual will be bankrupt over the next one to two years."

If you've been watching earnings this past week, or if you read last week's Week in Preview, then this coming week may leave you feeling a bit like Bill Murray in Groundhog's Day. That is, again analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters expect earnings declines to be more frequent and deeper than earnings gains.

Motorola Inc. (NYSE: MOT), Dow Chemical Co. (NYSE: DOW), Anadarko Petroleum Corp. (NYSE: APC), IAC Interactivecorp (NASDAQ: IACI), Moody's Corp. (NYSE: MCO), Elizabeth Arden Inc. (NASDAQ: RDEN), Devon Energy Corp. (NYSE: DVN), Diebold Inc. (NYSE: DBD), Tyco International Ltd. (NYSE: TYC), United Parcel Service (NYSE: UPS), Cisco Systems Inc. (NASDAQ: CSCO), Polo Ralph Lauren Corp. (NYSE: RL), ITT Corp. (NYSE: ITT), and Walt Disney Co. (NYSE: DIS) are scheduled to report quarterly results this week, and they're all expected to report double-digit declines in earnings.

But again this week, let's take a look who Wall Street feels may have done well in the past quarter.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) earnings tumbled in Q4 but came in just short of expectations.
• Best Buy Inc. (NYSE: BBY) earnings prospects and cash flow led to an analyst's upgrade.
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (NYSE: BMY) topped analysts Q4 expectations, sending shares higher.
• Colgate-Palmolive Co. (NYSE: CL) posted a better-than-expected Q4 profit despite the weak economy.
• Delta Air Lines Inc. (NYSE: DAL) reported a big quarterly loss due to merger costs and bad fuel hedges.
• Eaton Corp. (NYSE: ETN) Q4 earnings fell on lower exchange rates and charges related to an acquisition.
• E*Trade Financial Corp. (NASDAQ: ETFC) narrowed its Q4 net loss but fell short of expectations.

American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) is scheduled to release fourth-quarter and full-year 2008 results today after the market closes, and to discuss those results in a conference call at 5:00 PM Eastern. Catch the live webcast of the call, or of the Feb. 4 semi-annual financial community meeting, on the company's website.

Analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters expect American Express to report that it earned $0.22 per share, 69.0% lower than in the same period a year ago. Revenue for the quarter is expected to come to $7.2 billion, which is 1.9% less than a year ago. American Express earnings have topped expectations in four of the past five quarters, but in the quarter it missed, it fell short by 32.4%.

For the full year, analysts expect a $2.39 per share profit (-29.5%) and revenue of $29.4 billion (+6.0%).

During the fourth quarter, American Express received approval to become a bank holding company. Analysts on average forecast its long-term EPS growth to be 10.3%. The share price fell to a multiyear low of $14.72 last week, and shares are about 65% lower they were than a year ago.

See BloggingStocks' American Express coverage for more information about the New York-based issuer of credit cards, gift cards, and traveler's checks.

Visit AOL Money & Finance for more earnings coverage.

I'm not the biggest fan of Discover Financial Services (NYSE: DFS), the credit-card company that competes with MasterCard (NYSE: MA), Visa, Inc. (NYSE: V), and American Express (NYSE: AXP). I currently like Visa the best. Why? I like the brand, I like the fact that it doesn't have direct exposure to loans, and I think there's a lot of upside left to its stock price on a long-term basis (granted, the stock hasn't been strong lately). Nevertheless, I have to wonder if there might be trade potential with Discover's stock.

It's not so much the Q4 earnings. Net income from continuing operations more than doubled to $0.92 per share, something that looks great on the surface. It was helped along, however, by settlement proceeds relating to antitrust complaints against Visa and MasterCard. Not only that, but when you take a look at the consumer-confidence landscape, you'll see that it's pretty dreadful. It doesn't take too much thinking to realize that spending will be down and bad loans most likely will be up going forward. This doesn't benefit Discover. But, according to this article, government help does. Management wants access to some of the monies available in the now-famous federal rescue package. Bank-holding status, if Discover gets it, will do the trick.

This is why I see some trade potential with the stock. It rose the other day on the news, and as I am writing this now, the stock is up another 3%. If one was to play around with Discover, one should only do so temporarily, in my opinion. I think, on a longer-term basis, that either Visa or MasterCard are much better options for investing in the eventual consumer rebound (whenever that decides to happen, of course). Again, all you have to do is remember that Discover has more on the line in terms of charge-offs and loan provisions. Yes, the government can help out Discover's situation, and that will be valuable, but I still wouldn't want the company as a core member of my portfolio.

Disclosure: I don't own any company mentioned; positions can change at any time.