Mexican President Felipe Calderon is urging lawmakers in his country and in Brazil to consider a free-trade agreement between the Latin American giants, Bloomberg News reported.

If it's approved, this would be no small economic development. First, the pact would further diversify Mexico's trade base: currently, 80% of Mexico's exports go to the United States. Second, and perhaps even more significant, the action would create spin-off commerce in each country. Typically, when free trade pacts are passed, they lead to increases in GDP and in aggregate demand, which leads to new businesses.

Like oil, sugar is an international commodity. Unlike oil, sugar is an agricultural crop dependent on the weather. This year has seen droughts in some parts of the world and wetter than normal weather in other parts of the world where sugar is grown. Both extremes affect the growth of sugar cane.

Here are some reports from various sugar-growing countries:

• India is both the largest exporter and importer of sugar. This year India will be an importer of sugar. India's inventories will fall 50% to 4.54 million tons, equal to three months consumption. Reports from farmers indicate that plants are only one foot high compared with normal growth of five feet. Rainfall was 64% below normal in the growing regions. To fill the gap, the Indian government is extending duty free imports.

The BRIC nations -- Brazil, Russia, India, China -- basically the powerhouses of the developing world, recently met to discuss, among other things, the possibility of forming an effort to move away from the dollar as the world's reserve currency.

Among options for consideration: a) a shift to another hard currency, b) a shift to a basket of currencies, and c) the possibility of the International Monetary Fund's special drawing rights unit of account serving as the new reserve currency.

With "Buy American" policies in the stimulus package, one of the worst things to come out of the recession is a return to protectionist trade policies and a belief that "keeping the money over here" is the best thing for the United States economy.

Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva blasted protectionist trade policies in a speech to bankers and business leaders in what Bloomberg is calling "his most high-profile defense to date of free trade, which he says is necessary to protect jobs in poor countries beset by the global crisis."

The nutshell on the 2009 World Economic Forum held in Davos? It was a conference where nearly everyone agreed that the financial crisis started in and is primarily the result of U.S. policy errors, but agreed on little else after that.

Further, the Davos gathering produced almost no new insights regarding the nature of the crisis beyond what is already known: that excessive leverage throughout the system, arcane and in some cases Frankenstein-like derivatives, inadequate national-level financial regulation, and the collapse of demand, set in motion first the U.S. recession, then the credit crunch, then the global recession.

With every commodity there is a tipping point, a point which when crossed can either produce a supply shortage or a an excess supply. Growers, processors and manufacturers hang on this tipping point and use it to make their business decisions.

So it is with sugar. The tipping point has shifted to a supply shortage. World production is estimated at 158.7 million tonnes while global demand is pegged at 162 million tonnes. The shortage is coming from less production in India, Pakistan, Iran and the European Union.

Petrobras, Brazil's state-owned oil company has decided to invest in oil fields recently discovered under several kilometers of sea water. To obtain the oil it must drill into a hard-to-penetrate layer of salt. So far, no estimate of the size of the find has been made, however some say that the reserve may contain as much as 100 billion barrels. At present, Brazil has proven reserves of 14.4 billion barrels.

Petrobras plans to invest $174.4 billion over the next four years, including $28 billion on the new fields.

Last week Exxon Mobil (NYSE: XOM) and Hess (NYSE: HES) announced the discovery of oil in a pre-salt field. Exxon Mobil and Hess each own 40% of the partnership and Petrobras owns 20%. Petrobras also owns two nearby fields at Tupi with estimates of 5 billion barrels and 8 billion barrels respectively.

Do you remember 'decoupling' -- the notion that emerging market economies China, India, and Brazil / Latin America, among others, could grow independently without needing U.S. consumption?

Well, decoupling is on pace to to go down in history with Hitler's notion that the former Soviet Union, now Russia, could be invaded / conquered in six weeks (and that the Russian winter was irrelevant in warfare) as one of the most misguided macro beliefs in the modern era.

Wanted: Foreign consumers

"The global economy's choir is becoming more diverse, but it's still singing an American tune," economist Richard Felson said. "What we've learned in the initial decade of globalization is that new centers of economic activity are forming in Asia, Latin America, Central/Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, but these centers are not nearly mature enough to be considered self-contained, self-reliant zones. Until that occurs, a U.S. recession will slow these regions dramatically, which is what we've seen during this economic downturn."

"Agricultural commodities have been hurt in the recent turmoil," says growth stock expert Stephen Leeb. In The Complete Investor he looks at Mosaic (NYSE: MOS). a world leader in fertilizers.

"Mosaic has been decimated in price despite reporting record earnings. The company is the world's second-biggest producer of fertilizer components and the leading producer of potash.

"It's also the largest maker of processed phosphates, which gives it a lot of leverage to the rapidly growing markets of China and Brazil, and is an exclusive marketer of 1.2 million metric tons of nitrogen products.

"Since its high in June, the stock has lost three-fourths of its value and now trades at just 3 times next year's earnings. The sell-off came despite Mosaic's highest-ever earnings ($2.65 in the latest quarter vs. $0.69 a year earlier) and expanding gross margins (38.1% vs. 26%).

"The apparent reason was that those record earnings were slightly below some analyst estimates. Also, investors perhaps feared that farmers wouldn't be able to obtain credit to buy fertilizers.

"Once all the added liquidity puts these fears to rest, and given that the worldwide inventory of soybeans, corn, and wheat is forecasted to keep declining into 2009, we think demand for Mosaic's products will be strong.

"Long-term investors should use any temporary softness in fertilizer component prices as a great buying opportunity for Mosaic's shares."

Steven Halpern's TheStockAdvisors.com offers a daily look at the latest market commentary and favorite stock picks and investment ideas from the nation's leading financial newsletter advisors.

Time provides the advantage of not only additional events, but also the ability to the compare these events to conditions and issues in previous eras -- an argument against 'instant-analysis' and a major reason my Ph.D. advisor said, "Don't study any public official's decisions until he or she has been dead for 20 years."

Hence, time is naturally providing more evidence and perspective on the recently-ended period of global economic growth, and increasingly the evidence is showing that it was a global economy of unsustainable imbalances -- balances that policy makers mistakenly ignored.

2001-2007: a policy void

First and probably foremost there was the oil price imbalance. Whether they were driven up by speculators, by institutional investors seeking a return on equity, global energy demand, and/or by other factors, economists had warned for years that the U.S. and global economies could not continue to grow at adequate rates with oil above $80 per barrel. In fact, every previous oil shock in the modern era was followed by a recession in the United States. Still, little was done from a policy standpoint to stem oil's price rise.

Similarly, the U.S.'s then-increasing trade deficit, a good part of which had been fed by purchases of imported oil, and the notion that U.S. consumers could serve perpetually as the growth engine of the export-oriented developing world, was unsustainable, given stagnant U.S. incomes, and its nadir savings rate. Yet little was done to address this imbalance.

Short-term interest rates continue their downward trek.

The effort by major central banks to increase the supply of dollars globally to free-up credit continued to move rates in the right direction Thursday -- down -- as private banks were encouraged by the U.S. Federal Reserve's interest rate cut and $120 billion in new swap lines with emerging market central banks.

The London rate for three-month loans in dollars declined for the 14th consecutive day, dropping another 23 basis points to 3.19%. Rates also fell in Asia: the three-month rate for Hong Kong, the HIBOR, dropped 15 basis points to 3.39%.

Meanwhile, the London interbank overnight rate, or LIBOR, plunged another 41 basis points to 0.73% - - its lowest level since January 2001.

Short-term rates, including overnight rates, are key sources of cash for corporations and other large institutions, which use the cash to pay suppliers, make payroll, roll over debt etc. Hence, very high overnight and short-term rates will discourage corporations from conducting business, restricting commerce and slowing the economy, economists say.

A year ago, few in the currency market would have predicted this stunning reversal in the flow of capital.

Despite being the nation that's likely to bear the largest economic and fiscal costs -- including a huge increase in its budget deficit and national debt -- from the global financial crisis, institutional investors are turning to the U.S. dollar in a flight-to-safety that economists say shows few signs of ending soon.

Investors flee to the dollar

That's right: you read correctly -- investors are turning to the dollar as a safe haven. Despite a decade of budget and trade deficits that drove the dollar to records lows. Despite an uncertain (at best) immediate economic outlook (the U.S. will be oh-so-fortunate to experience only a mild recession). Despite disagreement in the nation over the best way to pay for the many rescues / interventions needed to end the crisis. Despite the uncertainties presented by the upcoming U.S. Presidential / Congressional election. Despite its inadequate infrastructure and underdeveloped industrial base.

Despite all of the above, institutional investors abroad want: dollars. Money is flowing out of emerging markets and into the dollar -- so much that the major central banks may very well have to intervene repeatedly to support emerging market currencies to prevent further global financial system destabilization. Institutional investors are also flocking to Japan's yen, due to that country's relatively lower exposure to toxic assets.

Could the financial crisis result in the United States losing its status as the world's financial superpower?

Indeed it could, Germany's Finance Minister Peter Steinbrueck told MarketWatch.com.

"The United States will lose its status as the superpower of the global financial system, not abruptly, but it will erode," Steinbrueck said, MarketWatch.com reported. "The global financial system will become more multi-polar."

However, Steinbrueck clarified his statement in subsequent remarks to FT.com. "When we look back 10 years from now, we will see 2008 as a fundamental rupture. I am not saying the dollar will lose its reserve currency status, but it will become relative," Steinbrueck told FT.com. Further, Steinbrueck repeated Germany's refusal to allocate public funds to acquire distressed/bad assets, arguing that the crisis is mainly hitting the United States.

The U.S.: a decade of descent

Economist Richard Felson concurred with Steinbrueck's analysis for the most part, but added that the U.S.'s decline, more accurately described as "a descent," is not irreversible.

"Globalization has played a role, but much of the U.S.'s descent in the past decade stems for policy mistakes, basically policies that didn't and don't work. The nation cut taxes before it went to war, creating a large budget deficit. A lack of a forward-looking energy policy helped balloon the trade deficit. And inadequate investment in infrastructure, education, and basic research is depressing economic growth below what it should be," Felson said. "The latter resulted in far fewer jobs begin created in the decade than what's required, leading to all sorts of problems, including the housing sector's implosion. The result has been a weaker U.S. economy with more structural problems, and an inability to project economic power. Meanwhile, the economic power of China, Russia, India, and Brazil has increased. I don't think that's what policy makers intended at the start of the decade, but that's been the result."

Like its peers, investors have been dour on Evercore Partners Inc. (NYSE: EVR), which is a boutique investment bank. But this week, the firm got some nice support; Mizuho Corporate Bank, Ltd., has agreed to purchase $120 million in senior unsecured notes in Evercore. The deal also includes a warrant to purchase 5,454,545 shares at $22 a piece. In fact, Mizuho has agreed to commit $150 million to Evercore-affiliated funds.

With the credit crunch, it's always good to get a slug of cash. But the Evercore deal is more than just a capital infusion. Basically, the firm will strengthen its existing strategic alliance with Mizuho -- so as to better penetrate the Japanese marketplace. For the most part, cross-border deals are likely to become increasingly important for investment banks.

Actually, Evercore recently announced a strategic alliance with G5 Advisors, which is an investment bank in Sao Paulo. With the strong growth in Brazil, there should be some opportunities to snag assignments.

But such things take time to play out. After all, as seen with Evercore's latest quarterly report, revenues were off 9% to $60.1 million, with profits at $2.1 million, or $0.16 per share.

Tom Taulli is the author of various books, including The Complete M&A Handbook and The Edgar Online Guide to Decoding Financial Statements. He also operates MergerBook.com.

It would appear to be axiomatic to say that there are few benefits from an oil price over $100 per barrel. Nevertheless, during oil's latest climb to the stratosphere, some have argued that a high oil price is 'net-positive for the global economy,' or 'a long-term good thing.'

Economist Glen Langan has a word for insta-analysis like the above. "Misguided," he calls them.

Not that Langan is an ardent advocate of oil use; hardly. Would that the developed and developing world could shift today to an alternate, renewable, and more environmentally-friendly energy form, he says. But the world can't, and as is some times the case in social science circles, "the normative influences the empirical," he says, and leads to curious conclusions like an 'oil shock being net-positive for the global economy.'

For the record: an oil shock is never net-positive for the global economy, Langan argues.

There are some benefits, to be sure, such as increased conservation, increased research on alternate/renewable energy forms, a transfer of some wealth to some developing nations and, of course, astounding increases in wealth in those connected to oil and oil services, but the overall effect is net-negative. Oil traded Thursday up $5.46 to $121.42 per barrel.