For years, it's been evident that smaller airlines have had an operating advantage, particularly when they use less expensive airports. They've been able to post better numbers as a result, and in the current travel slump, they've outperformed the larger carriers. Well, they've also picked up a considerable amount of market share.

According to a report by USA Today, low cost carriers now have 30% of the market in the United States. Price-sensitive consumers are turning to cheaper alternatives, even if it means (for fliers with elite status) giving up the perks they've earned through years of customer loyalty.

Across the country, big jets are disappearing -- nudged shoved aside by the little guys, which are cheaper to operate and don't require as many butts to fill seats.

The number of empty seats falls, and revenue per available seat-mile (RASM) goes up. It's pretty straightforward. But, for crowded flights, this could leave a few people stuck without their preferred routes. The alternative, of course, is an unsustainable status quo, in which a few passengers remain happy ... until the airline folds.

Business travelers still aren't coming back to the good seats, despite airlines' best efforts. FareCompare.com reports that many business class tickets to Europe are going to be 33% to 66% cheaper this fall relative to last year. Companies are being careful with their cash – which means stacking people in coach rather than giving them a little leg room on overseas flights. With back-of-the-plane tickets going for a quarter of the price (or less) than their business class equivalents, this isn't exactly shocking.

On Wednesday, Delta's (NYSE: DAL) cheapest NYC-to-London's cheapest roundtrip coach fare was $716 (for an October 23 departure and October 30 return), according to a report in USA Today. To take the same trip in business class, you were looking at a hefty $4,634. So, even though prices are down year-over-year, it doesn't mean that business travelers are being allowed to enjoy the opportunity.

United Airlines (NASDAQ: UAUA), US Airways (NYSE: LCC) and American Airlines (NYSE: AMR), according to an influential analyst, have run out of options. Jamie Baker of JPMorgan said in a July 20, 2009 report that these companies couldn't do anything to prevent a cash crisis. They only savior available to them would have to be an outside investor. To call the position grim would be optimistic. Unfortunately, it couldn't have come at a worse time.

As Baker was walking the bear into the airline industry, United was starting to celebrate its change in direction. The carrier has improved its on-time rate, according to a USA Today report, and its operations are coming around. Despite the fact that the airline industry has been brutalized by the global recession, the airline has made some progress. Through August, the company's share price doubled, and its ascent has continued in September. So, the company is locked in an ongoing struggle to manage its identity, cope with its past and shape how the world sees it today.

The operational "makeover" has resulted in a reduction of its fleet from 601 jets in 2000 to 386 as of the summer of 2009. In terms of passenger traffic, it's in the #4 spot in the United States – trailing Delta (NYSE: DAL), Southwest (NYSE: LUV) and American. With Q2 revenues off 25.2% year-over-year, however, drastic measures are still necessary.

Japan Airlines (OTC: JALSY) gained 8% Monday morning, thanks to weekend rumors that Delta Airlines (NYSE: DAL) and American Airlines (NYSE: AMR) are vying for a piece of the largest airline in Asia's largest travel market. Both Delta and American hope to use an investment in JAL to gain broader access to the Japanese travel market.

Though JAL refuses to comment on any talks, it's been reported over the weekend that Delta could be interested in buying a minority stake in the airline for several hundred million dollars, while American's bid could be $1 billion or more for a joint venture. At the same time, JAL has mentioned wanting to raise a total of $2.8 billion.

Delta Airlines (NYSE: DAL) is looking to buy a piece of Japan Airlines (OTC: JALSY). The move could give the world's largest airline access to more cities in Japan.

A source close to the talks says that the investment would be several hundred million dollars and would open the door for an alliance between the two that would allow each airline to book passengers on the other's flights.

August brought more misery to the airline industry in the United States. Seven of the country's nine largest carriers saw traffic drop, with only Southwest Airlines (NYSE: LUV) and JetBlue Airways Corp (NASDAQ: JBLU) bucking the trend. The continued upward climb of unemployment, tighter corporate budgets and sluggish demand for leisure travel has resulted in fewer passengers in seats.

JetBue was the only carrier not to report a drop in available seat miles (ASMs), the primary measure of airline productivity. Load factors, however, which indicate how full a plane is, tended to be higher, largely a result of flights that have been cut in an effort to reduce costs.

There may be new hope for the perpetually ailing airline industry. While I wouldn't expect these companies to become top performers anytime soon, it looks like the best revenue stream is the one nobody's been talking about: change and cancellation fees.

These penalties, which can reach up to $150, bring $2 billion in revenue into the industry annually. According to the Department of Transportation, they were good for $527.6 million in the first quarter -- in the United States alone. This is 3.2% of U.S. airline revenue.

American Airlines parent AMR (NYSE: AMR) raked in $116 million in revenue from these penalties in the first quarter of 2009 -- compared to $108 million from the more highly publicized extra bag fees. For JetBlue (NASDAQ: JBLU), the numbers are smaller (JetBlue, of course, isn't as big as AMR) but no less compelling. By pumping its change and cancellation fee from $100 to $150, the airline scored $32.2 million in Q1 2009, up from $25 million in Q1 2008.

Continental Airlines (NYSE: CAL) just got the relief it needs to compete. Despite resistance from the Department of Justice (which can only recommend), the Department of Transportation has granted the airline immunity from antitrust laws. This clears the way for Continental to work with United Airlines (NASDAQ: UAUA) -- and other carriers -- on international routes. Now, the airline can join Star Alliance, which already has antitrust immunity.

At the same time, DOT approved a joint venture among Continental, United, Lufthansa (OTC: DLAKY) and Air Canada. This new relationship would involve trans-Atlantic routes.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• American Express Co. (NYSE: AXP) earnings tumbled in Q4 but came in just short of expectations.
• Best Buy Inc. (NYSE: BBY) earnings prospects and cash flow led to an analyst's upgrade.
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (NYSE: BMY) topped analysts Q4 expectations, sending shares higher.
• Colgate-Palmolive Co. (NYSE: CL) posted a better-than-expected Q4 profit despite the weak economy.
• Delta Air Lines Inc. (NYSE: DAL) reported a big quarterly loss due to merger costs and bad fuel hedges.
• Eaton Corp. (NYSE: ETN) Q4 earnings fell on lower exchange rates and charges related to an acquisition.
• E*Trade Financial Corp. (NASDAQ: ETFC) narrowed its Q4 net loss but fell short of expectations.

What's holding the airline sector back, in addition to high jet fuel prices, and keeping the likes of AMR's (NYSE: AMR) American, Delta (NYSE: DAL), UAL's (NYSE: UAUA) United, Southwest (NYSE: LUV), and Continental Airlines (NYSE: CAL) from realizing their potential?

Many economists and analysts would agree that, along with other infrastructure and related investments, the nation's air traffic control system must be upgraded, if the United States seeks an air transportation system capable of maintaining a high level of safety -- and better service -- in the 21st century's more-crowded skies.

Further, that the United States has not already replaced an essentially generation-old air traffic control technology with a modern system is a serious demerit, and one that has -- through delays, cancellations, and other problems -- taken a toll on the flying public and the major carriers.

These are tough economic times for the nation, most would agree, and one hard-hit sector has been the airline sector, specifically the major carriers.

Surging fuel costs, the increased precautions and reviews required for the post-September 11 era, and intensifying competition for international routes has led to large losses among many major carriers - - a condition that has forced them to raise fares and implement other cost-cutting changes.

Most have also instituted a baggage fee for a passenger's second bag, with some carriers charging for all bags. Still, for the most part travelers have taken the baggage fees in stride. Although viewed as a nuisance by many travelers, the reality is a second bag, in particular, is optional weight that increases flying costs per mile. And with aviation fuel zooming past latte-price levels, that's no significant expense.

Still, US Airways Inc. may have gone one too far with the fee system. Effective today, US Airways will start charging for water on flights by coach passengers, The Wall Street Journal reported Friday (subscription required). Bottled water will be $2. Passengers flying first class are exempt from the extra fee.

This post is part of a series on some of the most memorable companies that have disappeared.

Pan American World Airways, or Pan Am, was an international airline that was in business from 1927 through 1991, when it ceased its operations after over a decade of mounting financial losses and having to declare for bankruptcy.

The company, despite being defunct for seventeen years, is still well remembered in pop culture. The blue circular logo has made such an impression that it is put on designer travel bags to signify traveling in luxury today.

Beyond that, Pan Am will always be remembered as the airline that brought the Beatles to New York City in 1964, as well as the airline that con man Frank Abagnale, Jr., passed himself off as a pilot for, which was later immortalized in the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can.

Pan Am was featured prominently in a number of other films. One of the most notable appearances was the Pan Am "space clipper" in Stanley Kubrick's science fiction masterpiece 2001: A Space Odyssey. The Pan Am brand was also displayed in the movie Blade Runner, and the company is said to be one of many, along with Atari, Cuisinart, and others, that suffered from the "Blade Runner curse" -- companies whose logos were featured in the movie experienced disasters and have since gone defunct.

Many institutional funds shy away from stocks that sell below the $5 mark. It is assumed that most low-priced shares are a sign of trouble. In many cases that is true.

As some airlines become small caps, driven down as the price of oil comes up, several could drop below the $5 threshold. That may hinder these stocks from rebounding by eliminating them from some fund portfolios.

It is hard to imagine that AMR's (NYSE: AMR) stock trades at $7.19 and has been as low as $6. That puts the company's market cap at $1.8 billion. Some biotech companies with almost no revenue are worth as much. Delta's (NYSE: DAL) are at $6.15 and its market cap is about the same as AMR's.

Airline stocks are now the province of speculators and day traders. Since some may face Chapter 11, the gamble on owning the stocks is high now.

The shares of these companies have been swept into the dustbin.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com and author of Ten Stocks Under $10.

In reaction to surging fuel costs, several major airlines announced today that they were raising their fares in order to recoup some of their rapidly increasing flying costs.

The increase this time around is $20 and effects passengers traveling on UAL Corporation (NASDAQ: UAUA), Delta Air Lines, Inc. (NYSE: DAL), and AMR Corporation (NYSE: AMR)'s American Airlines. The $20 jump in prices will be added to the airline's fuel surcharges, and consequently, these charges are now running at $130 round trip on most flights that you will book through the airlines.

The current rate hike was first initiated by Delta, and marks the second time in just over a week that the airline has been forced to raise fares in order to combat record high fuel costs. Times are definitely tough for airlines, and they are doing everything they can to combat fuel prices, but regardless of the rate increases most analysts are still expecting to see huge losses this year from most, if not all, airline carriers.