With oil setting yet another record high Friday of $127.43 per barrel and Goldman Sachs renewing traders concerns about inadequate oil supply growth, economists and business executives are becoming increasingly concerned about gasoline prices in the quarters ahead.

U.S. gasoline prices are already up more than 100% since 2004 to a national average of about $3.78-3.83 per gallon. (Many high-cost zones, such as New York, Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, are already experiencing prices well over $4 per gallon.) By any gauge, gasoline's surge is one for the record books - - rapidly approaching percentage increases registered during the first two oil shocks, in 1973-74 and 1979-80.

Given the run-up, how much higher can gasoline prices rise?

First, some may ask, why the emphasis on gasoline prices? In a nutshell, economists obsess over gasoline prices because, unlike the rest of the developed world, the United States has out-sized per capita energy consumption. That's econospeak for 'Americans use many more gallons of fuel to commute to work, do errands, etc. than their counterparts in Europe and around the world.'

A modicum of good economic news, at least on the commodities front: rice prices are headed for their biggest weekly drop in four years, on the prospect that exports from Japan and Pakistan will ease concerns that a global food shortage is worsening, Bloomberg News reported Friday.

As of mid-day Friday, rice had plunged 14% this week to $19.80 per 100 pounds.

Pakistan, the world's fifth-largest rice exporter, will allow shipment of 1 million metric tons because local needs have been met, Bloomberg News reported Friday. India may also ease its ban on rice exports. Rice is a staple for about 50% of the world's population.

Long-term, secular factors, including expanding middle classes (who consume more calories daily than lower-income groups) in Asia and Latin America, rising oil prices (which increase farming costs), have propelled a global rise in commodity, ingredient, and food prices.

Readers of this space know that selected defense contractors are my preferred plays, growing U.S. economy or not. (But let's hope it's a growing U.S. economy). And the reason for the defense contractor bullishness is obvious enough. The geopolitical climate can change, of course, but it looks like defense, national security and anti-terrorism efforts will remain at the top of the U.S.'s concerns, for the foreseeable future.

Further, when one can combine a defense contractor with an industrial play, including commercial aviation, the potential exists for superior return on equity. And with the above in mind, United Technologies is worth a review.

United Technologies (NYSE: UTX) is one of those handful of stocks in which you can buy 200 shares or 50 shares for your child's college fund, and then look back on it in 10 years and be very glad you did.

Here are some attributes: Leadership position in high-value-add sectors, substantial defense contracts, infrastructure/capital improvement businesses, technological leadership, diversification and operational balance, economies of scale, massive amounts of engineering talent, long history of steady earnings growth and dividend growth. The Reuters F2008/F2009 EPS consensus estimates for UTX are $4.88/$5.45.

Oil prices rose to a record $127.43 Friday morning amid new concerns about supply and after Goldman Sachs increased its forecast to $141 per barrel for the second half of 2008.

Goldman upped its forecast by 32%, saying oil prices will average $141 in 2008 and $148 in 2009, citing supply constraints and the lack of scalable substitutes, Bloomberg News reported Friday.

Oil surged on the news before easing back to $127.33. The other major energy commodities also jumped in early Friday trading. Heating oil added 5 cents to $3.67 per gallon, unleaded gasoline jumped 6 cents to $3.22 per gallon, and natural gas climbed 13 cents to $11.53 per million BTUs.

Economist Glen Langan told BloggingStocks Friday that Goldman Sachs' increasingly bullish outlook for oil is not good news for consumers or the U.S. economy.

"This is the first time that I can recall that a major investment bank has mentioned the supply dimension to oil. Up to now, we've been talking about emerging market demand, but if in fact supply will not increase at modern-day historical rates, this is not a good sign for U.S. GDP growth," Langan said. "We're counting on ample supply growth to contain these already high oil prices."

Langan said he expects oil production to grow at least 1.5-2% per year, while Goldman sees it at 1% per year. "If Goldman is correct, prices will rise to over $140 per barrel in the quarters ahead this year, and probably higher, that would put the average price of gasoline in U.S. easily over $4.25 per gallon," he said.

Readers of this space know that in addition to oil / oil services, one of my preferred sectors is: infrastructure / public services. That's because despite the U.S. economic slowdown, global growth proceeds at a better-than-adequate pace, with infrastructure work playing a significant role. And with the aforementioned in mind, The Shaw Group is worth an evaluation.

The Shaw Group (NYSE: SGR) is a leading supplier of industrial piping systems, including engineering, pipe erection and construction / maintenance services.

Analysts really like the fact that Shaw Group has also positioned itself as one of the largest engineering and construction contractors for the power generation market and as a top environmental services company. Another positive: SGR's large geographic footprint.

Analysts see 7-11% revenue growth for F2008, and 9-12% for F2009, with adequate margins. The Reuters F2008/F2009 EPS consensus estimates for SGR are $2.30/$3.32.

Don't blame agricultural economists if they're feeling somewhat befuddled right now concerning wheat.

After two years of record price increases among grains -- including wheat -- and amid a global commodities price surge, and more than a month after predictions of wheat and bread shortages capable of producing social unrest, the U.S. Government is now predicting a global wheat production recovery for 2008.

U.S. wheat production to rise

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's latest estimate predicts that 2008 world wheat production will increase considerably, including an 8% increase in U.S. production to 656 million tons.

The USDA said good weather and record-high prices that have increased incentives to plant and farm effectively are the primary factors behind wheat's expected large harvest this year, Reuters reported Wednesday.

Wheat traded down 22 cents at $7.73 per bushel in Wednesday afternoon trading. Wheat has declined more than 20% since hitting a record-high $12.82 per bushel on March 12, 2008.

An economic slowdown in the United States and other industrial nations will continue to damper oil consumption growth, the International Energy Agency announced Tuesday, as it again trimmed its global oil demand estimate for 2008.

The IEA lowered its forecast for 2008 global oil demand by another 390,000 barrels to 86.8 million barrels per day from about 87.2 million barrels, the association announced in its latest monthly report. At the same time, the IEA revised its analysis of 2007 oil usage, saying the world used about 85.8 million barrels per day last year.

Oil traded $1.50 higher to $125.70 per barrel in Tuesday afternoon trading. Oil hit an all-time high of $126.98 in electronic trading earlier in the day and has risen about 100% in the past 12 months.

China Monday ordered its banks to increase its reserve ratio for the fourth time this year, in an attempt to quell rising inflation, Bloomberg News reported.

Banks in China must now park 16.5% of deposits with the central bank, up from 16%, the Peoples Bank of China announced Monday. The change is effective May 20, 2008.

Economist David H. Wang told BloggingStocks Monday the monetary policy tightening by the central bank was the right move, "and more monetary policy tightening is on the way."

"Central banks in and outside of China are coming to the realization that slower Chinese growth will help all governments regain control of commodity prices, to a certain degree, and higher reserves for banks is part of that slowing process," Wang said. "The higher reserve rate will slow China's economy, lowering commodity demand and inflation."

China's economy grew at a 10.6% annualized pace in Q1 2008, its 10th consecutive quarter of double-digit GDP growth. Meanwhile, inflation rose at annualized rate of 8.7% in February 2008.

Wang said he expects China to increase its bank reserve rate "gradually to 18.5-19% by early 2009" if inflation does not show signs of moderating, adding that an increase in China's key, short-term lending, currently at 7.47%, also is likely. Less government action is expected regarding China's floating band-based currency, the yuan, presently trading around 7 yuan to the dollar, he said.

Morgan Stanley has raised $4 billion for a fund that will invest in global infrastructure projects, including energy and transportation systems, the company announced Monday.

Morgan Stanley said the $4 billion in equity commitments exceeded the company's initial fund goal by $1.5 billion and "underscores the particular demand for infrastructure investment, and broadly, for alternative assets that generate long-term, stable cashflows."

Shares of Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS) gained 67 cents to $46.62 on the news on Monday at mid-day.

In a statement, Sadek Wahba, chief investment officer and global head of Morgan Stanley Infrastructure, said the fund has investments exceeding $1 billion in enterprise value to-date.

Infrastructure spending boom

Economist Glen Langan said investment banks, hedge funds and other institutional investors are hoping to take advantage of the global spending boom by emerging market governments and corporations to build infrastructure, including highways/roads, ports, but also electricity, water and telecommunications facilities. Emerging markets are upgrading facilities -- and in some cases building new facilities for the first time -- to meet commercial and social needs as their economies develop.

An OPEC official said Friday the cartel may meet to boost output ahead of its September 2008 meeting if crude oil prices keep rising, Reuters reported Friday.

"If the price keeps going up, OPEC may consult on an increase in production before it meets in September," the OPEC source told Reuters Friday, speaking on condition that he not be identified. He added that the increase "would have to be more than 500,000 barrels per day" to have an impact.

Oil Friday hit another record high, increasing $2.20 to $126.20 per barrel Friday morning, before easing back to $125.25, on concern about production in Nigeria amid civil unrest, and on emerging market oil demand growth, particularly in China and India. Further, institutional investor demand for oil as an asset class is also contributing to oil's record rise, many analysts agree.

'Two years, $75 late'

Economist Glen Langan told BloggingStocks Friday talk of a potential OPEC action on production is two years too late. "OPEC is two years, $75 late, I'm sorry to say," Langan said. "OPEC knew for two years that higher production was needed to help meet unprecedented emerging market demand, but they failed to act in the interests of the global economy."

Growth is slowing in all regions of the world, and inflation is rising, but the International Monetary Fund's No. 2 person in charge says a repeat of the 1970s stagflation period isn't likely.

IMF First Deputy Managing Director John Lipsky said the "inflation speed-up must be taken seriously as it creates potentially significant challenges to economic stability," Bloomberg News reported Thursday. However, Lipsky added that a return to 1970s-style stagflation isn't likely, but it cannot be totally ruled out.

Oil, commodity-rooted inflation

Further, Lipsky underscored that the current inflation rise is being driven by a fundamental increase in demand for commodities, primarily oil, and to a lesser extent by supply constraints around the world, Thomson Financial reported Thursday via Forbes.com. Hence, the recent price increases are likely to prove finite, Lipsky added, unless these items keep rising more rapidly than other items.

Economist David H. Wang told BloggingStocks Thursday he agreed with Lipsky's categorization of the most-recent rise in inflation but added that government subsidies may prevent a pullback in commodity prices, especially oil. Classic economic theory holds that as the price of a good rises, people will use less of it. However, governments in China, Venezuela and the Middle East, among other nations, subsidize gasoline/fuel, lowering its cost, which discourages conservation, Wang said. The United States does not subsidize motor fuel at the federal level, but individual states do subsidize heating oil/natural gas for low-income citizens.

Readers of this space know that my investment bias is toward large-cap companies with demonstrated business models that have a competitive advantage in established markets, preferably with a favorable global trend as a support. And with the aforementioned in mind, Caterpillar is worth a review.

Caterpillar (NYSE: CAT) is the world's No. 1 manufacturer in earth moving equipment and a leader in construction/agricultural equipment.

In general, analysts see CAT's 2008 revenue increasing 7-10% on strong international growth; North American revenue is expected to be flat.

Analysts also like the fact that Caterpillar is well-positioned to secure new business in emerging market economies for construction, infrastructure and land development work.

Meanwhile, raw material / core component costs are expected to continue to rise, limiting margin growth. The Reuters F2008/F2009 EPS consensus estimates for CAT are $6.02/$6.77.

American motorists, already stung by an 80% increase in gasoline prices in the past year, sense that $5 per gallon is ahead, and they may be (regrettably) right.

A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll found that 94% of respondents expect to pay $4 per gallon this year, and 78% expect to pay as much as $5, CNNMoney reported Tuesday.

The national average currently is $3.62 per gallon as tracked by the Lundberg Survey, Bloomberg News reported. Many higher-cost areas of the United States -- including New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Boston -- are already experiencing prices over $4 per gallon.

Further, traders and analysts say seasonal, structural, and geopolitical factors are likely to push gasoline considerably higher in the weeks ahead -- with gasoline's upward arc lasting months, if the price of oil continues to rise.

Primary culprit: Rising oil prices

The biggest factor in gasoline's rise is the price of oil, which Tuesday topped $122 per barrel in NYMEX trading for the first time in its history. Oil is up more than 100% since 2006. In November 2001, oil traded at about $17 per barrel. Moreover, because the crude component accounts for more than 60% of the price of a gallon of gasoline, refiners have passed that added cost onto consumers.

Among the many variables business executives, policy makers, and economists are watching as the United States attempts to jump-start its slow growth / no growth economy, is the ability of oil's price to moderate in the quarters ahead.

Further, oil's failure, to date, to fall below $110 per barrel despite three straight months of declining U.S. gasoline consumption and sluggish economic growth has caused oil watchers to re-examine their premises regarding projected oil prices for 2008-2012.

The oil market, circa May 2008

Over the past decade, the world has encountered both a tripling of oil prices and the start of the $100 per barrel oil era, driven largely by increasing demand for oil in emerging markets, particularly in the giga-GDP growth nations of China and India. Further, one 'dampening assumption' during oil's recent climb to record heights has been that the price of oil would fall as the U.S. economy approached a recession, and as global growth slowed.

Oil fell for the third straight day Thursday and neared the psychologically-significant $110 level, as data confirming a sluggish U.S. economy and the rising dollar reduced investors' demand for oil as an alternative investment.

Oil, which had traded as low as $110.80, closed down 96 cents to $112.50 per barrel. Oil hit a record high of $119.90 per barrel on April 22, 2008.

The other major energy commodities also closed substantially lower Thursday. Heating oil closed down about 6 cents to $3.10 per gallon, unleaded gasoline closed down 5 cents to $2.85 per gallon, and natural gas closed down about 25 cents to $10.59 per million BTUs.