With oil setting yet another record high Friday of $127.43 per barrel and Goldman Sachs renewing traders concerns about inadequate oil supply growth, economists and business executives are becoming increasingly concerned about gasoline prices in the quarters ahead.

U.S. gasoline prices are already up more than 100% since 2004 to a national average of about $3.78-3.83 per gallon. (Many high-cost zones, such as New York, Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, are already experiencing prices well over $4 per gallon.) By any gauge, gasoline's surge is one for the record books - - rapidly approaching percentage increases registered during the first two oil shocks, in 1973-74 and 1979-80.

Given the run-up, how much higher can gasoline prices rise?

First, some may ask, why the emphasis on gasoline prices? In a nutshell, economists obsess over gasoline prices because, unlike the rest of the developed world, the United States has out-sized per capita energy consumption. That's econospeak for 'Americans use many more gallons of fuel to commute to work, do errands, etc. than their counterparts in Europe and around the world.'

Over the past year, we have been hearing a lot of news about soaring crude oil prices. The easiest thing that we could think about is investing our money into independent oil refiners. Companies such as Frontier Oil (NYSE: FTO), Valero Energy (NYSE: VLO), Tesoro (NYSE: TSO), Alon USA Energy (NYSE: ALJ) or Western Refining (NYSE: WNR) are among those potential stocks on the waiting list.

Though it may seem surprising, Kiplinger.com advises us of exactly the opposite. Kiplinger underlines the fact that refiners represent a way to loose a lot of money... contrary to pipelines, oil producers and energy service companies. This came as the result of people's needs to transform crude oil into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel or heating oil.

The big difference between the cost of crude and the price of refined products is called the "crack spread", and this is where the problem comes in. In May of last year, the crack spread peaked at $27, and even moved up as high as $40 in some locations. This compares to the historical norm of closer to $20. But starting with the spring of 2007, things started changing, and the spread began to narrow... now the spread has fallen down to around $8.50 for some companies.

Oil prices rose to a record $127.43 Friday morning amid new concerns about supply and after Goldman Sachs increased its forecast to $141 per barrel for the second half of 2008.

Goldman upped its forecast by 32%, saying oil prices will average $141 in 2008 and $148 in 2009, citing supply constraints and the lack of scalable substitutes, Bloomberg News reported Friday.

Oil surged on the news before easing back to $127.33. The other major energy commodities also jumped in early Friday trading. Heating oil added 5 cents to $3.67 per gallon, unleaded gasoline jumped 6 cents to $3.22 per gallon, and natural gas climbed 13 cents to $11.53 per million BTUs.

Economist Glen Langan told BloggingStocks Friday that Goldman Sachs' increasingly bullish outlook for oil is not good news for consumers or the U.S. economy.

"This is the first time that I can recall that a major investment bank has mentioned the supply dimension to oil. Up to now, we've been talking about emerging market demand, but if in fact supply will not increase at modern-day historical rates, this is not a good sign for U.S. GDP growth," Langan said. "We're counting on ample supply growth to contain these already high oil prices."

Langan said he expects oil production to grow at least 1.5-2% per year, while Goldman sees it at 1% per year. "If Goldman is correct, prices will rise to over $140 per barrel in the quarters ahead this year, and probably higher, that would put the average price of gasoline in U.S. easily over $4.25 per gallon," he said.

Refineries in the U.S. are producing more diesel fuel and less gasoline. The reason is simple and logical. They make more money on diesel.

According to The Wall Street Journal, "The global hunger for diesel, coupled with tight refining capacity, has made diesel one of the few bright spots in the refining business." Demand in developing countries, where diesel fuel is widely used, gives the refiners a set of large markets.

Refiners believe that falling demand for gas due to a poor economy means that they can cut back gas production. There is something wrong with that reasoning because gas has moved to $4 a gallon. Refiners come back with the fact that the price of diesel is up even more.

The perverse thinking about how to divide gas and diesel production almost certainly argues for one conclusion: gas prices are going higher if supply is dropping.

Douglas A. McIntyre is an editor at 247wallst.com and author of the Ten Stocks Under $10 letter.

Oil driller Transocean, Inc. (NYSE: RIG), whose shares have probed, but have been unable to move and stay permanently above $160 -- may have received the catalyst it needs to reach loftier price levels.

Transocean's shares jumped $8.34, ending at $155.54 after Bloomberg News reported that Petroleo Brasileiro (NYSE: PBR), Brasil's state-controlled oil company, leased about 80% percent of the world's deepest-drilling offshore rigs to explore prospects. That included the Western Hemisphere's biggest discovery in decades, the Tupi field. Further, the activity of Petroleo, also known as Petrobras, is forcing up day-rates for oil rigs. PBR also closed higher Thursday, up $2.00 to $68.27.

Further, Petrobras is in talks with Transocean to extend leases as much as three years ahead of expiration, Robert Long, chief executive officer for the Houston-based RIG, told Bloomberg News. Also, Petrobras plans to start pumping oil from Tupi in Q1 2009. Tupi is the largest oil find in North America since the 1976 Cantarelli field discovery in the Gulf of Mexico.

Oil is treading water at a near-record $125 per barrel after a U.S. Energy Information Administration report indicated that weekly crude oil inventories rose a considerably smaller-than-expected 200,000 barrels. Economists surveyed by Bloomberg News had expected crude oil inventories to increase by 2.25 million barrels last week.

Gasoline supplies fell 1.7 million barrels.

The modest increase in oil inventories had little affect on oil prices, for the moment. Oil was down 87 cents to $124.93 per barrel in Wednesday morning trading. The other major energy commodities were also virtually unchanged. Unleaded gasoline fell 1 cent to $3.18 per gallon. Heating fell about 2 cents to $3.66 per gallon. Natural gas gained 10 cents to $11.52 per million BTUs.

Meanwhile, refineries operated at 86.6% of capacity for the week ended May 9, 2008, the EIA report indicated, up from 85.0% in the week ended May 2, 2008.

A bright spot: Refinery utilization

Independent energy trader Jim Dietz told BloggingStocks Wednesday the increase in refinery utilization was the report's lone bright spot.

Consumer prices rose 0.2% in April 2008, the U.S. Labor Department announced Wednesday, a statistic below the consensus estimate as oil prices moderated during month, offsetting rising food prices.

Economists surveyed by Bloomberg News had expected April 2008 consumer prices to increase 0.3%. Consumer prices increased 0.3% in March 2008.

Also, the core rate, which excludes the frequently-volatile food and energy component, rose just 0.2% in April 2008, inline with the Bloomberg News survey 0.2% consensus estimate.

On a year-over-year basis, consumer prices have risen 3.9% and the core rate has risen 2.3%. The core rate remains slightly above U.S. Federal Reserve's 'comfort zone' for inflation. The Fed uses the core CPI rate as one of its primary gauges of consumer-based inflation.

April 2008 CPI: 'Surprisingly tame'

Economist David H. Wang said the April 2008 CPI report was a bit of a surprise -- one that may help the U.S. economy. "The report was surprisingly tame. We do see rising food costs, but the energy component was not as bad as expected," Wang said. "Also, core year-over-year inflation is not too bad, and the Fed [U.S. Federal Reserve] will look favorably upon this, if it remains moderate."

Oil prices are down a bit after trading up close to $127 a barrel yesterday on fears that production cuts could be coming out of oil rich Iran.

While the chatter out of Iran could be just that, idle chatter, there was still enough of a reason to spook investors into pushing crude oil up significantly Tuesday, leading to a closing price last night of a pretty remarkable $125.80. Prices hit a high Tuesday of $126.98.

One of the main factors that has led to the current record high prices is the weak U.S. dollar. Yesterday, the dollar actually rose a bit, but traders looked past that data and instead decided that any sort of production cut rumors coming out of Iran warranted more attention.

An economic slowdown in the United States and other industrial nations will continue to damper oil consumption growth, the International Energy Agency announced Tuesday, as it again trimmed its global oil demand estimate for 2008.

The IEA lowered its forecast for 2008 global oil demand by another 390,000 barrels to 86.8 million barrels per day from about 87.2 million barrels, the association announced in its latest monthly report. At the same time, the IEA revised its analysis of 2007 oil usage, saying the world used about 85.8 million barrels per day last year.

Oil traded $1.50 higher to $125.70 per barrel in Tuesday afternoon trading. Oil hit an all-time high of $126.98 in electronic trading earlier in the day and has risen about 100% in the past 12 months.

Consumers are really going to be feeling the pain next weekend when they hit the road for Memorial Day weekend.

Gasoline prices have risen to yet another new high today, climbing to a national average of $3.73 as the summer driving months are on our doorstep.

Sadly, gasoline prices are showing no signs of cooling, and many analysts have already predicted $4 a gallon by the middle of the summer. At the current pace, $4 gasoline may seem cheap before it is all said and done.

The main reason for the price acceleration is, of course, crude prices. Oil prices have doubled over the past year and sent gasoline prices through the roof. Oil prices are still showing no signs of cooling off either, and are still trading above $125 a barrel. This is causing many analysts to question whether this year we will see the typical gradual decline of oil prices through the summer.

Valero Energy (NYSE: VLO) shares are trading higher along with most other refiners, as crude oil futures have dropped off from last week's record highs, which could start to help out refiner's margins. Also moving VLO is news that a large California refinery is coming back on line with no significant loss of production after a power outage yesterday morning. If you think that the stock won't fall by too much in the coming months, then now could be a good time to look at a bullish hedged trade on VLO.

After hitting a one-year high of $78.68 in July, the stock hit a one-year low of $44.55 last week. VLO opened this morning at $45.06. So far today the stock has hit a low of $45.01 and a high of $46.93. As of 12:45, VLO is trading at $46.86, up $2.30 (5.2%). The chart for VLO looks neutral and improving, while S&P gives the stock its highest 5 STARS (out of 5) strong buy rating.

For a bullish hedged play on this stock, I would consider a June bull-put credit spread below the $40 range. A bull-put credit spread is an options position that combines the purchase and sale of put options to hedge risk in case the stock doesn't do what you think but still leverage nice returns. For this particular trade, we will make an 8.7% return in just six weeks as long as VLO is above $40 at June expiration. Valero would have to fall by more than 14% before we would start to lose money.

VLO hasn't been below $40 at all in the past year and has shown support around $45 recently. This trade could be risky if the price of gasoline falls off if demand starts to lower, but even though there is a slowdown in the US, other global economies are still clamoring for energy, which could keep prices high.

Brent Archer is an options analyst and writer at Investors Observer. At publication time, Brent neither owns nor controls positions in VLO.

CNNMoney.com reports that gasoline hit a new record of $3.718 a gallon today. That's up 21% from a year ago when it sold for $3.06 (although I remember paying $2.20 a gallon in February 2007 for midgrade). The U.S. government could help out us poor gasoline consumers, but it refuses to do so. Meanwhile, in 2008, global oil supply is expected to grow more than global oil demand. So arguments that speculation has nothing to do with record oil prices fall flat.

Yet, this morning, the New York Times' Paul Krugman offered such an opinion. He concluded that oil is not a bubble. He doesn't really define what he means by a bubble, nor does he offer any numbers to back up his case that the price of oil is rising due to demand growth exceeding that of supply. He also throws in a comment about how if oil were a bubble, people would hoard it and they're not.

But numbers from the Energy Department suggest that global oil production will grow more than demand. Specifically, it expects global production to exceed global consumption by 0.8 million barrels a day (mmbbl/d). How so? The Energy Department forecasts global consumption in 2008 to rise 1.2 mmbbl/d from 85.4 mmbbl/d to 86.6 mmbbl/d. Meanwhile, it expects global oil production to grow 2.0 mmbbl/d from 84.6 mmbbl/d in 2007 to 86.6 mmbbl/d in 2008.

TheStreet.com's Jim Cramer says FedEx exposed three market fictions with its news on Friday.

Sometimes you have to wonder why some stocks just don't stay down after bad news.

Take FedEx (NYSE: FDX) (Cramer's Take). Earlier this year, the stock shed about 10% of its value when it forecast worse-than-expected earnings, citing lower volumes and higher fuel costs. It then proceeded to rally 25% from that dismal forecast even as oil went up dramatically and business in the U.S., particularly retail business, got softer and softer!

Now we get pretty much a simple extension of what the company said last near the end of March, and people are acting surprised and furiously dumping the stock.

FedEx cuts to a couple abiding fictions in this market. The first is that all valuations are cheap, so it is OK to buy them. FedEx has long-term growth of 10% and sells at 14 times earnings, but I question both the growth and the multiple as being too high in a world where energy just won't quit. But that brings us to the second fiction: People have been buying this stock with the idea that oil just has to level off somewhere. Considering it didn't, how could anyone be surprised at this news? And the third fiction? The turn in the economy is right around the corner.

Exxon Mobil (NYSE: XOM) shares are falling today even though crude oil prices continue to make record highs as proponents of separating the chief executive and chairman roles at the company announced they will take their case to institutional investors and proxy voters. The group of dissidents includes descendants of John D. Rockefeller, the founder of Exxon's corporate ancestor Standard Oil.. If you think this stock won't be rising too far in the coming months, then it could be a good time to look at a bearish hedged play on XOM.

After hitting a one-year high of $95.27 in October, the stock hit a one-year low of $77.55 in January. This morning, XOM opened at $89.37. So far today the stock has hit a low of $87.97 and a high of $89.59. As of 11:45, XOM is trading at $88.65, down 0.72 (-0.8%). The chart for XOM looks bullish but deteriorating, while S&P gives the stock a positive 4 STARS (out of 5) buy rating.

For a bearish hedged play on this stock, I would consider a July bear-call credit spread above the $100 range. A bear-call credit spread is an options position that combines the purchase and sale of call options to hedge risk in case the stock doesn't do what you think but still leverage nice returns. For this particular trade, we will make an 8.0% return in ten weeks as long as XOM is below $100 at July expiration. Exxon would have to rise by more than 13% before we would start to lose money. Learn more about this type of trade here.

XOM hasn't been above $96 at all in the past year and has shown resistance around $95 recently. This trade could be risky if crude oil prices continue to skyrocket, but even if that happens, this position could be protected by resistance XOM might find at $95, where it has topped out four times in the past year.

Brent Archer is an options analyst and writer at Investors Observer.

DISCLOSURE: Mr. Archer owns and/or controls diversified portfolios of long and short stock and option positions that may include holdings in companies he writes about. At publication time, Brent neither owns nor controls positions in XOM.

I know that last thing you probably wanted to hear this morning was that oil prices moved even higher, but that is exactly what is taking place, as oil rose as high as $125.98 and is currently trading at $125.60.

Leading the charge today is the weak dollar as investors continue to seek refuge from the falling U.S. currency in commodities -- most notably, oil. The dollar has fallen today against the euro, the British pound, and the Japanese yen. The euro was sitting at $1.5404 last night, but has moved higher today, up to a current price of $1.5466.

The market is also concerned about the upcoming peak driving season for Americans. With the season getting under way, oil prices will definitely continue to rise, and if gasoline stockpiles continue to fall, you can be sure that gasoline prices are also going to keep moving higher over the next couple of months. Will we see national averages of $4 or greater? I don't think so, but at the current rate prices are moving, nothing is out of the question right now.